Leadership and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Leadership and management - Essay Example One significant disadvantage with this is the fact that the scenario favors those teachers and students who get access to the available opportunity. On the contrary, the advantage of this scenario is that, a teacher is able to reach almost all students all over the world. Further, the students are entitled to the courses of their choices globally. Here, for effective communication and interaction, it is advisable to have two screens in a class that is one will take care of the slides and the other one for depicting the world virtually. With the above in place, all the learners will be compiled to follow the lecture with ease (Gold .2007.p.123). This is more advantageous compared to the isolated on demand settings. Students are motivated and maximally put in their total participation since they get entitled to intuitive interaction and virtual participation. More so, this system of decision making for education is can be intensify with the acquisition of knowledge. Notably, with this type of education, one is able to use audio or chat directly by passing information to the concerned person. For instance, a lecturer is capable of talking to the students all over the world, and with the supporting systems, the sound reaches the student and vice versa. Actually, the above scenario involves a teacher teaching students using the current technology in teaching. Below are their characters and the positions. person position character Mr.Mchhurtz A teacher Authoritative, punctual, social, a good communicator, cheerful Ist student student A good listener, talkative, sociable, and good communicator. 2nd student student Talkative, sociable, curious, and he has self control 3 rd student student Curious, persuasive, good listener but lazy Firstly, this was an educative scenario where the teacher was teaching from Harvard University, attending to student from all over the world. More so, this was a computer science class, masters’ student (Jones, 2007.p 420). During reg istration time, the student catches the proceedings through the internet and, so they are given admission without many difficulties. Moreover, they are further given timetable and so they follow the class proceedings from a distant with ease. Notably, with a well arrange organization, decision making is a key factor in not only controlling, but also in giving correct ad relevant directions to the related employees. Therefore, all employees have a part to play in facilitating the strength as well as weakness of ay give organization. Likewise, education is an institution that needs its members to embrace technology on a wider realm of life. Lastly, it is vital for every student to take heed of the technological advancement in ensuring education is achieved in its highest However, the following table illustrates what exactly every person said during the 12th lesson person Transcription of the interactions Teacher â€Å"Good evening class, in the last class I talked about the computer memories. where we saw that accumulator â€Å"A†, is what stores all the input data from that comes in form all the other memories as the computing part 1st student â€Å"Good evening, sir and where does computing takes place?† Teacher â€Å"A good question, computing takes p

Health Care - a Look into the Career Path of the Industry Essay

Health Care - a Look into the Career Path of the Industry - Essay Example Upon consideration on the extent of his responsibilities, Chris has discovered that the ground rules of the medical service are its ability to provide such under a sincere and qualified personnel who is expected to extend its full support over the patient and his family. At the same time, such responsibilities extend and uphold the interest of the company that works in collaboration with other insurance companies. Costs of services are then considered to be in conjunction with a pre-approved limit that carries an effective balance of duties and responsibilities. Similarly, certain conflicts arise when the balance is distorted and medical errors in the clinical institution attract a situation in stark comparison to the ethics and laws that the company stakeholders believed in while protecting their best interests. Conflict of laws certainly worked against the achievement of a certain purpose, especially where reduction results in decreased quality of service against a continuum of care provided for the patient. The question of, sacrificing and allowing cost to impede the quality of service provides as the main considerable conflict in the case. Superficially, we can identify the surface conflict within the principles of business ethics that Chris is tasked to investigate and create certain essential components and probable solutions within the scope of his study. It is a proven fact that the highly technical gadgets in the health industry costs formed a considerable amount of money as an investment. Stakeholders expect to maintain appropriate cost control factors against an affordable health program commonly available for all. Yet, every labour force knows the hardships encountered just to maintain a scenario that best creates a win-win solution for the patient and family and the health provider. It is but difficult to consider such factors especially when cost drivers associate the prescription drugs cost, current medical; device, government mandates an litigation and risk management and the future  of the health industry and its day-to-day operations.  

The Aims Of Corporate Social Responsibility Commerce Essay

The Aims Of Corporate Social Responsibility Commerce Essay In 1960s, people were more concern about ethics in business and feel that company should respond in environment and social more than before. At that time, the aim of company was only maximize profit for investors. As a consequence, a new principle about more responsibility in running business was established. Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of business people. Kim Y. lecture (2009) The most common issues engage employee, human right and environmental regulations. After that, it was developed to Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR in 1970s. The entirety of CSR can be discerned into the three words contained within its phrase: corporate, social, and responsibility. Therefore, in broad terms, CSR covers the responsibilities corporations have to the societies within which they are based and operate. The University of Maimi (2009) The word corporate means a company that run an activities in order to gain the profit from an investment. Social means a group of people more than 15 people who have relationship or the same goal. The most important word is responsibility which means acceptance both of good and bad effect that occur by the company including the responding to prevent and correct the effect. The real definition of CSR has still discussed although there is considerable common between all of definitions. There are the different definitions. The social responsibility of the firm is to increase its profits. Friedman (1970) The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time. Carroll (1979) In the Commissions policy Communication, CSR was defined as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. It is essentially to prepare to take to the lead and show the board and stakeholders voluntarily that they take CSR seriously. CSR is a win-win situation that companies increase their profitability and society benefits at the same time. The EUs Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Jobs aims to build a business-friendly environment, so EU CSR policy is consequently compatible with this. Europa press releases (2009) The early CSR models represented by Sethi had three tiers for classifying corporate behavior which he labeled corporate social performance. First level is a social obligation which base on responding to legal and market constraints. Next level is social responsibility which is addressing societal norms, values and expectations of performance. The last level is social responsiveness which base on anticipatory and preventive adaptation to social needs. Sethi, S.P. (1975) Building on the former model, Carroll presented his CSR model as a pyramid that had four classes (economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic) in 1991. Carroll, A.B. (1979) The first class is economic responsibilities. It is a normal objective of company that is being profit. The next step after being profit is legal responsibilities. Law or rule controls the activities of the company. If the company does not obey the law, it might be charged or has to pay penalty fee or tax. These two steps are common in the business. Ethical responsibilities are the next level. The company can choose to do what is right and fair and avoid harm. For example, a company decides to donate some of profit to poor children. The highest level is philanthropic responsibilities which is a voluntary action no rule or no force to command. In 1980s, a new concept of CSR, stakeholder theory, was raised by Freeman. In the traditional view of the company, the shareholders or the owners of the firm get the most importance priority to achieve their need. In this model, the company converts the input of investors, suppliers and employees into salable outputs which customers buy in order to gain returning some capital benefit to the company. By this model, the companies only take in hand the needs of those four parties (investors or shareholders, suppliers, employees and customers). However, stakeholder theory argues that there are more other parties involved such as governmental agents, competitors and civil society. All of stakeholders get effect and take influence by the company. The stakeholder theory like a combination of traditional company and CSR which balances a maximize profit of investors and social responsibility in order to achieve business sustainability. Classifying by business process, there are two steps: CSR in process and CSR after process. Campaigns of reducing emissions or reducing the carbon footprint in production are examples of CSR in process which is not only following CSR campaign but also cost reduction. Other well known campaigns are mostly CSR after process. Europa press releases (2009) According to Wettsteins article about Beyond Voluntariness, Beyond CSR: Making a Case for Human Rights and Justice, CSR is a normative perception dealing with what corporations should do and how they ought to act. It is an inherently moral in nature. It is more than mere compliance with given laws and regulations. So it must automatically be voluntary, not be mandated by laws. WETTSTEIN F. (2009) There are many debates on CSR which is focus on recording of donating a share of their profits to charity by corporation. The core of CSR used to be seen as philanthropic responsibilities, so companies try to represent their social responsibility by increasing donating share of their profits to social. CSR was seen as external force in running a business. It was not a basis for legitimate business conduct but it was an equipment to give something back to the society that was neither commanded nor expected, but rather merely appreciated. Werrstein F. (2009) The examples of CSR Company There are a lot of companies that adopt CSR in their strategy and also a lot of ways to integrate CSR into the company both in process and after process such as donation, producing green products, improvement of human resource and protection an environment. The examples of CSR companies help to understand the step in the global strategic planning process. The first example is fashion field firm. In report about How ethical is your fashion?, Jane Shepherdson, who became chief executive of the Whistles womenswear chain, give her view that we need to be tempted into buying beautiful, ethical, sustainable clothes BBC News website (2008) In report about Primark fires child worker firms, there is more concern about CSR in fashion industry. For example, Nike has responded to consumer concerns about ethical standards by publishing details of all suppliers. Primark, the UK clothing firm on high street, has fired three Indian suppliers due to using child labors to make goods. The sub-contracted suppliers of Primark used child labor to carry out embroidery and sequin work. BBC News website (2008) The next example is in the pharmaceutical field. In 1987, Merck, the second-largest pharmaceutical company in the world and a global leader in consumer products and animal care, lunched the Merck MECTIZAN ® Donation Program (MDP) which is the largest on-going medical donation program. The MDP provides MECTIZAN for the treatment of river blindness in endemic countries. Since 1987, the MDP has approved more than 530 million treatments of MECTIZAN. With only one annual dose, MECTIZAN is well suited for distribution in isolated areas and the only well-tolerated drug known to halt the development of a disease. The company hoped that transmission of river blindness will be interrupted and the disease will be virtually eliminated by the continued use of MECTIZAN. Merck (2006) Marks Spencer (MS) is one of the UKs leading retailers of clothing, food and general merchandise such as womens clothing, menswear, lingerie, beauty and home. The founders of MS believed that building good relationships with employees, suppliers and wider society was the best guarantee of long-term success so they implement CSR in all business unit that have own CSR strategy. Their CSR strategies based around the brand value of trust and balanced with customer needs and all stakeholder expectations and are grouped into three areas which are people products and community. In 2004, MS launched The Marks Start community program focusing in preparing people ready for work. Target groups are the young unemployed, disabled people, parents returning to work and school students. The program provided individuals a taste of life in a working atmosphere and the confidence and ability to achieve employment. MS allocate their employees as a buddy. The program has improved staff morale and contr ibuted to make MS as a great place to work and they felt that they had increased their skills. The philosophy of MS is helping others to help themselves so MS provide knowledge and experience in order to let them stay in the world buy themselves. Article 13 (2005) In 2008, Exxon Mobil Corporation, the U.S.-based energy giant, provided a combined $189.1 million in cash, goods and services worldwide. Rex W. Tillerson, Chairman and CEO of Exxon Mobil, said that the goal of our Corporate Citizenship Report in 2008 is to detail our performance and commitment in our most significant citizenship areas: corporate governance, safety and health, environmental performance, managing climate change risks, economic development, and human rights and security. The company pays attention to many social responsibilities such as education, environment, health, womens economic opportunity initiative and worldwide giving. Exxon Mobil received Malaria Award from Global Business Coalition in 2008. Malaria is one of the successful projects. It has fight with Malaria in Africa where the firm operates for more than eight years. The company recognized through their employees in Africa what an impact of malaria on their lives and the economic development. So Exxon Mobil decided to fight against malaria through the companys Africa Health Initiative. Exxon Mobils website (2008) Last but not least, Nestlà © UK has provided assistance to improve farmers livelihoods through productivity and quality improvements including setting up an eco-friendly, post-harvest treatment. Nestlà © is currently helping over 3,500 of the poorest coffee farmers in El Salvador and Ethiopia where has benefited of fair premium prices in trade for high quality Arabica coffee beans. The Partners Blend project helps farmers grow higher quality coffee, develop communities, increase yield and achieve a higher standard of life. With this program, Nestlà © applies sustainable approach to particularly poor producing communities in those areas. After successful in the UK, Ireland and Sweden have followed up that will be launching fair-trade certified coffee products. A long term commitment of Nestlà © is developing sustainable agricultural practices in order to help relieve hardship and poverty for poor farmers. Supporting their farmers also helps Nestlà © to assure continuous supply hi gh quality of coffee beans. This program increases a good reputation and brand of Nestlà © in social responsibility area. Nestlà © (2006) The impact of CSR in the business In tracking the impact of CSR by Jeffrey Marshall, Geoffrey Heal, Garrett Professor of Public Policy and Business Responsibility and professor of economics and finance at Columbia University, was interviewed about impact of CSR. According to the interview, companies are for-profit entities but there is a change going on in terms of the pressures that society puts on businesses to address social and environmental issues. He gave example of companies that pay attention to society and environment. He noted about green company that there are two issues going on this topic. In the one side, customers are willing to pay more if they can buy green product which is likely another factor quality of product. At the same time, the firms are able to increase product price due to insensitive price customer in green products. An argument about short term of financial position of CSR companies was issued in the downturn economic. However, the companies recognize that CSR is long term investment in the brand and reputation. The recruitment is a bunch of different issues. This issue was raised by Mark Tercek, senior executives of Goldman Sachs. It is increasingly critical in recruitment and retention to have a really positive social and environmental profile. New hires concern not just salary or the status of the firm but they want to work for the company that makes them proud to be in that company. CSR is a factor that encourages new hires to work with that company. Jeffrey M (2008) In 2000, the trend of CSR boomed. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentHYPERLINK http://www.oecd.org/ releases guidelines for multinational enterprises. The richest countries in the world launched the rule for their member of blocking company that does not adopt CSR. So without CSR program, lots of traditional company cannot trade with companies in OECD. OECD (2009) Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) or green investment in the past is a new impact from CSR to investment. Ethical Investment means avoiding invest in bad things such as cigarette, alcohol drinks or weapons. There have investment funds which invest only in CSR companies. It is clear that CSR is one way of non tariff discriminations in the modern world. It does not stick as a law but it effect doing business in international environment. The consequences of adopting CSR Learning about the consequences of CSR help to understand the purpose of mission of CSR. What should they do? what have they done? There are many arguments about the consequences of concerning of Corporate Social Responsibility. In this part of report, the advantages or benefits and disadvantages or risk of adopting CSR are discussed. Philip Kotler, Marketing Guru, gave an opinion about benefits of CSR. He mentioned that the first benefit is increasing sale volume and market share. He noted that it is not directly relate between CSR and profit. But CSR provides more opportunity for company that concern about CSR. Philip K. 2005 At lease, Working with CSR is better than does not. Reduction on cost of goods sold is another benefit. In the business process, if the firm can drive out more quality of employees or cut out some substances from processes that means reduce cost of process as well. Philip K. 2005 There is often a direct benefit to profitability. CSR is not only for external society but also internal responsibility. If the companies pay attention to their employees such as training , environment in work place and work-life balance, this increase satisfaction and loyalty from their employments. This also helps productivity and product quality. Europa press releases (2009) However, Public relationship which is the way that companies communicate with public and marketing are the next issue. If the companies present their CSR news, it encourages and sparks correspondents and investors to pay attention in the company. Philip K. 2005 Moreover, an advantage of company image, brand and reputation is another advantage of CSR. Europa press releases (2009) The benefit is brand positioning and reputation. Philip K. 2005 In Philips perspective, CSR is a challenge of the company. It is not easy or too difficult to achieve CSR. He recommended three step of developing CSR. First is choosing the suitable topic and then pick the popular or innovation way. Last step is implementing and present the success. Finally, evaluation is important to be a lesson in the future. Philip K. 2005 In Business green website, it raises the issue that green consumer spending defies the downturn. In this difficult economic climate, consumer spending generally drops. But a major report shows that green market products and services grow by a recession-busting five percent or  £6.4 billion in value. According to the report by Guardian newspaper, customer expenditure rose on a various range of green products and services such as green energy tariffs, energy-efficient appliances and small-scale renewable energy projects. However, it noted that while the green market has defied expectations and continued to grow steadily in recent years, this sector still accounts for less than one per cent of total consumer expending. Cath E. (2009) Even though, this is an economic downturn or economic crisis but CSR remains a priority for the companies being part of long-term strategy. Although, in this situation, the companies might be pressure to reduce their CSR projects. As the same time, in short-term strategy, the board should advocate that companies especially in financial department pay more attention on ethics and social needs. Overall, thoughtfulness of short-term social needs and long-term strategy should persuade companies to keep to their CSR strategies through this downturn time. Europa press releases (2009) Many of the global problems we are facing today cannot be solved by any single actor alone anymore. They require joint action of a variety of actors and sectors, all with a genuine interest in truly global solutions. Multinational corporations must offer their support where their expertise is key for improving the global human rights situation. New forms of governance such as public policy networks or other forms of public-private partnerships have become increasingly effective in addressing complex global problems. WETTSTEIN F. (2009) Conclusion From the past, the traditional view of the role of the company is only maximizing their profit for investors. If the company avoids destroying environment or hiring child labor, it only causes by the law. In the new view of the role of the company or CSR program, the company concerns more in their employees, human rights, environment and corruption. CSR is not rule; the companies do not have to follow but them willing to do the good thing to society and respond for the effect of their actions. As can be seem in examples, there are more and more companies that adopt CSR in their strategy. The biggest advantages of being with CSR are reputation and reduce cost of goods sold. There also are a lot of issues around CSR and CSI that should be research in detail for impact of concerning on social.

Poem lucifer In The Starlight: New Meanings And Ideas :: essays research papers

Poem "Lucifer in the Starlight": New Meanings and Ideas Examining a poem in detail can bring out new meanings and ideas. By careful analysis, the full beauty of the poem can be appreciated. The poem "Lucifer in Starlight (p. 959)", by George Meredith, can be analyzed to refine the authors purpose, by examining every subtle hint, every possibility, for a deeper theme. Also, "deciphering" formal literary techniques such as metaphor, connotation, and symbolism is the key to unlock other expressions. The main theme of the poem is that Lucifer has no place out of his hell, and anything he tries to reenter heaven is futile. As with any poem, it is best to first examine how the title, "Lucifer in Starlight" relates to the body of the poem. Obviously, Lucifer is the defiant angel that was banished from heaven, and sent to the underworld of hell, where he known as Satan. The title refers to the devil as "in starlight", so this means he has to rise to a place where the stars are visible, not the fires of hell. This rising from the underworld is summed up in the first line. It is later explained that he is doing so because he is tired of his ‘dark dominion." Ironically, the first line refers to Lucifer honorably, as a "Prince", while in the second line he is tagged as a fiend. This leaves the reader feeling perplexed, yet still thinking of Lucifer as the enemy. At first it may seem as Lucifer has risen to the Earth, but it is further clarified that he has elevated himself above the "rolling ball". However, god imagined the world as planar, with heaven on a higher plane, and hell on a lower plane, not spherical as defined here. From his place in the stars above earth, Lucifer looks down through the clouds, and observes the sinners. He is talking about the denizens of the earth, for since Adam sinned in the beginning, all of his sons and daughters are also sinners. Perhaps he can relate to them, as he is also trying for entrance to heaven. For now , he sets his mind on the people who will become denizens of his hell eventually. Here Meredith shows how much hubris the devil really has, for the reader can just see Lucifer savoring over the masses entering his vile domain. Then, Lucifer peers at the most extreme places in the world, describing the sands of Africa. The Sahara desert with its barren, endless, undeveloped sand can seem like hell to anybody.

Fake Analysis of Bridge to Terabithia Essay

In â€Å"Bridge To Terabithia,† written by Katherine Paterson, great friendships blossom from impertinent first impressions. Great friendship such as Leslie’s brings new experiences. Great friendships may come from unpromising first encounters and lead to new experiences. Leslie’s friendship came with the promise of a new beginning; reword this sentence Leslie opens a new world up to Jess full of creativity and imagination which â€Å"Leslie name[s] their secret land â€Å"’Terabithia†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(50). Don’t end with a quote! Jess and Leslie create this secret world to escape the harsh reality of adolescence. The reason Jess and Leslie create this secret world is it allows them to escape the harsh reality of adolescence. Jess and Leslie agree to create a whole new imaginary country, eliminate that that â€Å"’We need a place’†¦ ‘It might be a whole secret country’†¦ ‘and you and I would be the rulers of it. ’†(50). Reword theres something off about this; Because Jess craves the attention of his hardworking father he in particular needs the escape that Terabithia provides. Jess in particular needs the escape since he craves the attention of his hardworking father â€Å"maybe’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢he’d forget all about how tired he was from the long drive back and forth to Washington and the digging and hauling all day†(5). Make the quote relevant to him what is this quote supposed to say? Don’t end with a quote! Great friendships may come from unpromising first encounters and lead to new experiences. Change around, It is an idea that relates to life today since everyone has a friend and everyone must be open to new experiences they bring in a friendship. For example, you can never judge a book by its cover or by when you meet someone for the first time. Doesn’t make sense Another illustration is, to take the new experiences a new friendship has to offer and enjoying them. The human condition affects us still today because people take having a friend for granted until they are gone. What I have learned for reading â€Å"Bridge To Terabithia† is take out that that to open myself up to new friendships and take out new new experiences. I learned to enjoy the memories mad with the friends I have because at any given moment something could happen. Also, to enjoy the moments I have with my friends because you never know when something could happen at a moments notice. My viewpoint has been deeply enriched by this book because of then realistic human condition.

Biology Interest Among Asasipintar Students

biology interest among ASASIPINTAR STUDENTS | A MINI PROJECT REPORT| Submitted by 1. AHMAD SYAZWAN BIN SUHAIMI AP00161 2. IZZATY SHAIMA BINTI SHAMSUDIN AP00164 3. MUHAMMAD FAIZUAN BIN AMINUDDIN AP00159 4. SITI NABILA AMIRA BINTI SAMSUDIN AP00158| Submitted toMiss Noraniza Binti IbrahimSTATISTICS (PNAP0154)ASASIpintarPUSAT PERMATApintarTM NEGARAUNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA (UKM)APRIL 2013| Table of Contents Content| Page| Abstract| | Introduction to project topic| |Methods of Data Analysis| | Analysis and Results| | Conclusion| | References| | Appendix| | | ABSTRACT Most students have to take biology as one of the subjects graded in their CGPA. But not all students want to be a doctor or have much interest in biology. Quizzes and test are frequently used to measure the level of understanding of students towards specific topic of a subject Biology quizzes are common, and their marks or scores in these quizzes can be used to measure either their effort in the quizzes or their interest in biology or maybe both.This research paper discussed the relationship between the interest in biology and their total score, gender and their study style and lastly the relationship between scores 1. INTRODUCTION 2. 1. Overview Biology is one of the compulsory courses that have to be taken by ASASIpintar students. This course aims to enhance the students’ understanding and knowledge in biological sciences. Teaching methods include small group lecture, tutorial, laboratory experiments, independent learning and problem based learning. Students will be assessed by weekly quizzes, lab reports, and mid-semester and final semester examination.However, the interest level of students in Biology differs from one another. Other than that, their style of studying Biology or doing their revision on this particular subject is also different between students. This project aims to study the relationship between these two factors, which are the level of interest in Biology and their style of learning and studying the subject with the scores that these students gained in their topical quizzes. 2. 2. Objectives 2. 3. 1. To investigate the relationship between interest and total score 2. 3. 2.To investigate the distribution of interest in biology among student 2. 3. 3. To investigate the relationship between gender and study style 2. 3. Research Question 2. 4. 4. Does interest has any relationship with the total scores gain by student in their quizzes? 2. 4. 5. What are the distribution of interest in biology among student? 2. 4. 6. Is there any relationship between gender and their style of study biology? 2. 4. Research Hypothesis A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about the population parameter. This conjecture may or may not be true.Null hypothesis (Ho) is a statistical hypothesis states that there is no difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is no difference between the two parameters while alternative hypothesis (H1) is a statisti cal hypothesis that states the existence of a difference between a parameter and a specific value, or states that there is a difference between two parameters. 2. 5. 7. Hypothesis 1 Ho: There is no relationship between interest and total score H1: There is relationship between interest and total score 2. 5. 8. Hypothesis 3 Ho: The students’ interest in biology are distributed as follows; 17. % are not interested, 20% are moderate and 62. 5% are interested in biology. H1: The distribution are not the same as stated in Ho. 2. 5. 9. Hypothesis 2 Ho: There is no relationship between gender and study style H1: There is relationship between gender and study style 2. 5. 10. Hypothesis 4 Ho: There is no relationship between interest and study style H1: There is relationship between interest and study style 2. METHODOLOGY Herein, the chosen respondents were randomly selected from ASASIpintar students. The survey methods are the research instruments used for the data collection. 0 stud ents of ASASIpintar were chosen in this study accomplished a questionnaire to assess their biology quizzes’ marks. The computed values are compared to the Likert scale for data interpretation. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. These will be presented below: 3. 5. Descriptive statistics The descriptive method is used to collect the necessary data. In the descriptive statistic, the measures of tendency (mean, mode, median and variance) will be calculated. Measures of tendency are numerical values that locate, in some sense, the center of a data set.The data will be presented in bar chart or pie chart for qualitative data and histogram for quantitative data. 3. 6. Inferential statistics The inferential statistics using sample data to draw coclusions about the ASASIpintar students. The sample random is selected and the information gained from it is used to make generalizations about the ASASIpintar students. 3. 7. 11. Correlation 3. 7. 12. 1. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test was used to determine the relationship of non-parametric data. One of the tests is to check the relationship between gender and the study style.The linear correlation coefficient (r) is used to measure the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables 3. 7. 12. 2. Spearman’s correlation coefficient test was used to determine the relationship between parametric and non-parametric data. One of the tests is to check the relationship between interest of the students towards biology and their total score. The linear correlation coefficient (r) is used to measure the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables 3. 7. 12. Comparison Test 3. 7. 13. 3. Chi-squareThe Chi-square goodness-of-fit test is used to how well a particular statistical distribution, such as a binomial or a normal. The null hypothesis Ho is that the particular distribution does provide a model for the data; the alternative hypothesis H1 is that it does not. 3. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 4. 7. Descriptive statistics 4. 8. Inferential statistics 4. 9. 13. Relationship between interest and total score VARIABLES| R| R SQUARE| Interest and Total score| . 399| . 159| Since r = 0. 399, there is weak positive correlation between total score and interest. Since r= 0. 159, this indicates that 15. % of the variation in total score can be attributed to the linear relationship with the interest. 15. 9% of total variation in total score is explained by regression line using the interest. Another 84. 1% is explained by other variable. Since the P-value is 0. 011 and it is less than ? -value, the null hypothesis is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to show that there is relationship between the interest and the total score. It is proven that the interest does affect the total score. 4. 9. 14. Distribution of interest in biology VARIABLES| P-VALUE| Interest in biology| 0. 190|Since the P-value is 0. 19 and it is more than ? -value, the null hypothesis is failed to be rejected. There is sufficient evidence to show that the students’ interest in Biology are distributed as follows; 17. 5% are not interested, 20% are moderate and 62. 5% are interested in biology. 4. 9. 15. Relationship between style and gender VARIABLES| P-VALUE| Style and Gender| 0. 558| Since the P-value is 0. 558 and it is more than ? -value, the null hypothesis is failed to be rejected. There is sufficient evidence to show that there is no relationship between the study style and gender.It is proven that the gender is independent to the study style. The study style may affected by environment and the students’ self. 4. CONCLUSION 5. REFERENCES 6. APPENDIX 7. 9. Questionnaire Personal information| | Age | | Gender | | Interest in biology| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | | | | | Which of the following is the way you study? | | Study alone| | Group study| | Continuous study| | Stay up| | What is your marks in following quizzes? | | The cell| | Cellular respiration| | Biochemistry | | Photosynthesis | | Plant physiology | | 7. 10. Analysis of interest & total score Correlations| | TotalScore| Interest|Spearman's rho| TotalScore| Correlation Coefficient| 1. 000| . 399*| | | Sig. (2-tailed)| . | . 011| | | N| 40| 40| | Interest| Correlation Coefficient| . 399*| 1. 000| | | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 011| . | | | N| 40| 40| *. Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed). | 7. 11. Analysis of gender ; style Correlations| | Style| Gender| Style| Pearson Correlation| 1| -. 095| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 558| | N| 40| 40| Gender| Pearson Correlation| -. 095| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 558| | | N| 40| 40| Case Processing Summary| | Cases| | Valid| Missing| Total| | N| Percent| N| Percent| N| Percent|Gender * Style| 40| 100. 0%| 0| 0. 0%| 40| 100. 0%| Gender * Style Crosstabulation| | Style| Total| | Discussion| Study Alone| Stay up| continuous study| | Gender| Male| Count| 4| 6| 5| 5| 20| | | Expected Count| 4. 0| 7. 5| 4. 0| 4. 5| 20. 0| | female| Count| 4| 9| 3| 4| 20| | | Expected Count| 4. 0| 7. 5| 4. 0| 4. 5| 20. 0| Total| Count| 8| 15| 8| 9| 40| | Expected Count| 8. 0| 15. 0| 8. 0| 9. 0| 40. 0| Chi-Square Tests| | Value| df| Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)| Pearson Chi-Square| 1. 211a| 3| . 750| Likelihood Ratio| 1. 221| 3| . 748| Linear-by-Linear Association| . 355| 1| . 551| N of Valid Cases| 40| | | . 6 cells (75. 0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4. 00. | 7. 12. Analysis of gender ; interest Case Processing Summary| | Cases| | Valid| Missing| Total| | N| Percent| N| Percent| N| Percent| Gender * int| 40| 100. 0%| 0| 0. 0%| 40| 100. 0%| Gender * int Crosstabulation| | int| Total| | not interested| moderate| interested| | Gender| Male| Count| 2| 6| 12| 20| | | Expected Count| 3. 5| 4. 0| 12. 5| 20. 0| | | % within Gender| 10. 0%| 30. 0%| 60. 0%| 100. 0%| | | % within int| 28. 6%| 75. 0%| 48. 0%| 50. 0%| | | % of Total| 5. 0%| 15. 0%| 30. 0%| 50. 0%| female| Count| 5| 2| 13| 20| | | Expected Count| 3. 5| 4. 0| 12. 5| 20. 0| | | % within Gender| 25. 0%| 10. 0%| 65. 0%| 100. 0%| | | % within int| 71. 4%| 25. 0%| 52. 0%| 50. 0%| | | % of Total| 12. 5%| 5. 0%| 32. 5%| 50. 0%| Total| Count| 7| 8| 25| 40| | Expected Count| 7. 0| 8. 0| 25. 0| 40. 0| | % within Gender| 17. 5%| 20. 0%| 62. 5%| 100. 0%| | % within int| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| 100. 0%| | % of Total| 17. 5%| 20. 0%| 62. 5%| 100. 0%| Chi-Square Tests| | Value| df| Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)| Pearson Chi-Square| 3. 326a| 2| . 190| Likelihood Ratio| 3. 461| 2| . 177| Linear-by-Linear Association| . 63| 1| . 686| N of Valid Cases| 40| | | a. 4 cells (66. 7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3. 50. | ANOVA| | Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | Score1| Between Groups| 87. 811| 4| 21. 953| 2. 331| . 075| | Within Groups| 329. 689| 35| 9. 420| | | | Total| 417. 500| 39| | | | Score2| Between Groups| 31. 709| 4| 7. 927| 1. 950| . 124| | Within Groups| 142. 266| 35| 4. 065| | | | Total| 173. 975| 39| | | | Score3| Between Groups| 9. 376| 4| 2. 344| . 710| . 591| | Within Groups| 115. 599| 35| 3. 303| | | | Total| 124. 975| 39| | | | Score4| Between Groups| 21. 78| 4| 5. 494| 1. 217| . 321| | Within Groups| 158. 022| 35| 4. 515| | | | Total| 180. 000| 39| | | | Score5| Between Groups| 24. 961| 4| 6. 240| 1. 195| . 330| | Within Groups| 182. 814| 35| 5. 223| | | | Total| 207. 775| 39| | | | We used the Other than that, Check relationship between interest and total score – weak relationship Style and total score – no correlation Between score – correlation pearson Correlation coefficient – spearman Style and interest – no correlation – pearson Gender and score – -weak relationship – spearman Style and gender – chi square test = no relationship

Watergate2 essays

Watergate2 essays In June of 1972 an event occurred that changed the course of history. On June 12, 1972 there was a break-in at the Watergate Hotel. When the police arrived they found 5 men equipped with electronic bugging devices and burglary tools at the headquarters for the Democratic National Convention. Two of the individuals were James McCord and G. Gordon Liddy, both members of the committee to re-elect the president. A third suspect was E. Howard Hunt, a former CIA agent and White House aide. When the news broke President Nixon claimed that no one in the White House had any prior knowledge to the burglary. The break-in was part of an elaborate plan by CREEP to sabotage Nixons opposition for re-election. A week after the break in Nixon agreed to cover up the White Houses involvement in the break in. Nixon claimed that any further investigation of the scandal was a threat to national security and needed to cease immediately. This plan seemed to work until early 1973 when the trial for the Watergate break-in began. Nixon had his chance to come clean at this time, but he chose not to. This only made things worse for him Once the trial began his involvement in the cover up became greater, and involved blackmailing by those who were on trial for the The Watergate trial was brief, 5 of the defendant plead guilty and the other 2 were convicted by the jury. Before Judge Sircia sentenced the defendants there was a letter written by McCord read to the court that implicated that higher ups in the White House Administration had prior knowledge of the burglary and had committed perjury. Nixons cover up was beginning to come apart and he told the American public that he had no prior knowledge of the break in or the cover up that followed until March 21, which was a lie. By April 30, 1973 Nixon was under extreme pressure and announced to America the ...

Contemporary Examples of Fascist Thoughts

Contemporary Examples of Fascist Thoughts Introduction Fascism by definition refers to a philosophy which seeks to ensure that the interests of the society always supersede those of the individual. The ideology of fascism advocates for a state that is ruled by a single party which is meant to mobilise people through all means acceptable and unacceptable to ensure that the roots of the society are not drained.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Examples of Fascist Thoughts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While fascism is rooted from socialism, the approach taken is one of capitalism where force and violence is used to achieve what is targeted. Fascism must be distinguished from socialism whereby socialism was seeking total control of all the processes of economy in the society by ensuring that production is state controlled (Trotsky 340). Fascism on the other hand has always taken control though indirectly by ensuring that private owners dominate t he processes of economy in the country. While fascism is concept that came to be many years ago, there seem to be merging modern examples of fascist thought. This discussion looks at some of the contemporary examples of fascist thoughts and also the limits and freedoms of such expressions. Nazi Germany Though it happened many years ago Nazi Germany is a perfect example of fascism (Griffiths 145). While the interests of the people were always kept first, the manner in which these interests were achieved was quite wanting especially because there was a lot of violence and force that was applied. During the time of Hitler, power was acquired gradually without the need for an uprising or protests and this is what makes fascism dangerous. In modern day, a perfect example of fascism would be leftism or what has come to be known as left wing politics. This is where change that is social in nature is advocated for with the aim of coming up with a society that is egalitarian. Leftism, pretty much like fascism is driven by emotions which were negative like anger, range and violence and all these negative emotions are directed to the status quo (Mosse 354). Modern fascism like leftism is geared towards changing the status quo or the position held by conservatists. It is the manner in which leftist apply their ideology that is questionable (Mussolini 76). Al Qaeda Looking at the Al Qaeda group which was pioneered by their fallen hero Osama Bin Laden may also reveal traits of modern fascism. Osama had a good cause for which he was fighting for and this was the protection of Islamic rights. However, it is the manner in which he carried out his mission that was wanting. He used terrorist’s attacks which led to the death of many people and led to the destruction of property. Modern day fascism is frowned upon leading to modern day fascists changing their tactics and strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Fascist’s expressions have their limits in that they tend to curtain the general freedom of the people by sort of dictating to the people what they ought to and how they ought to behave (Breuilly 97). These expressions however have their fair share of freedom in that the person leading such movements is always a charismatic leader one who is liked by the people he is representing. Fascism therefore is a double edged sword which can hurt either way or be beneficial in both ways. How effective this ideology is in a society will be highly dependent on how it is implemented. Breuilly, John. Nationalism and the State. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993. Print Griffiths, Richard. Fascism. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. Print Mosse, George. International Fascism : New Thoughts and New Approaches. Michigan: Sage Publications, 1979. Print Mussolini, Benito. Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions. Michigan: Ardita, 1935. Print Trotsky, Leon. Fascism: What it is and How to Fight It. London: Resistance Books. 1999. PrintAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Examples of Fascist Thoughts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Abolishing the Death Penalty Essay

possibility of the death penalty of the murderer. Simply because I find the â€Å"death penalty method† inhumane and ridiculous. It is as if you are punishing the murderer by murdering him. It is completely hypocritical when you are trying to â€Å"serve justice† by killing someone who killed someone else. â€Å"We kill people who kill people because killing people is wrong† (Pinterest). This quote is an exact representation of my hatred towards the death penalty. I find that abolishing the death penalty will not only†¦ Abolish the Death Penalty In the article â€Å"The Death Penalty Deserves the Death Penalty,† by Lincoln Caplan, Caplan is explaining his side on the death penalty. Caplan goes on to discuss different cases specifically Glossip V. Gross which is a case in Oklahoma with death-row inmates that are opposed to the three drug protocol chosen by the state to execute death sentences. Caplan supports his opinion with another case back in 2010, with Jeffrey Landrigan who was scheduled for execution after being†¦ Abolishing the Death Penalty From the beginning of time the world has known conflict. It is human nature to know and to have conflict. It would be a fallacy to say that conflict will ever go away. It is a natural instinct for people to pick sides on an issue and it would be a miracle, but more realistically a lie, if everyone were to pick the same side on an issue. Throughout the years there have been several topics that start an uproar amongst the people. These topics are very controversial and†¦ Code established punishment for crimes including the death penalty. The code contained 25 death penalty crimes. Murder was not one of them. The first death penalty sentence recorded occurred in Egypt during the 16th century BC. The â€Å"Draconian Code of Athens† in the 7th century BC, made every crime punishable by death. This is where the meaning of the word draconian is derived. The â€Å"Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets† codified the death penalty in the 5th century BC. Mosaic Law has an interesting†¦ abolish the death penalty in the United States or keep the punishment everyone has used for decades. In that case, we should also get rid of the internet and cell phones and go back to the pony express. Society itself is changing, why not our laws change too, because people are afraid of change that is why. We should not kill a man for his wrongdoing; we shall make him suffer in an 8x10 cell with minimum lighting for the rest of his life. According to Michael H. Reggio, the death penalty usage goes†¦ In this chapter Stephen Nathanson discusses the symbolism of abolishing the death penalty, and claims that we express a respect for each person’s rights by refraining from depriving a murder of someone’s life. The death penalty has been an argument for decades now and still discussed if someone actually does deserve the death penalty. Stephen explains his view towards this claim, and identifies how this moral problem could be resolved. There are ways you could solve this problem but resolving claims†¦ The first topic that the author present is the history of the abolitionist movement and it progresses. The author stated that the move toward abolishing the death penalty had a liberal, utilitarian, and humanistic connection. Moreover, these changes began in the Enlightenment era in Europe: Cesare Beccaria was the one that opposed toward the death penalty: He declared that it was inhumane and ineffective to use capital punishment on humans and it conflicted with moral laws. Furthermore, Cesare’s†¦ Keeping Death In 2003, a woman, Anne Rossi, whose husband, Barry Rossi, his business partner Robert Stears, and employee Lorne Stevens were brutally murdered. In 2007, a testimony was made by Anne Rossi to revise a new bill regarding the death penalty. She describes the horrific event, â€Å"All three of them were asked to lie on the dirty garage floor where they worked, they were asked to put their hands over their heads before they were all shot multiple times. All of them killed in a premeditated execution†¦ Abolishing the Death Penalty has been an enormous argument in our society. The main question that everyone debates about all throughout the world, is whether the penalty should be abolished or not. To me honestly, of course the Death Penalty should be banned from all states. I do not support it by any means, mainly because it goes against my religious beliefs. It’s not only cruel, but it also violates our human rights and is more expensive than people may think. Taxpayers spend so much money on the†¦ Abolishing the Death Penalty The use of the death penalty in the U.S.A has become a big topic in the US Government. There has been controversy over the death penalty and whether or not it is being used with justice. The death penalty is a topic that not everyone will ever agree one way or another. People need punishments for their actions but is the death penalty the right way to go. One topic the government needs to look at when talking about the death penalty is if the eight amendment is†¦

Catastrophic Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Catastrophic Terrorism - Research Paper Example Peace is friendly, peace is helpful, it is merciful and for these reasons, it validates itself as an indispensable requirement in any country. Terrorism has serious ramifications on various sectors of the economy, children and development of a country as a whole. To ensure continuity, oneness and communalism in the society, the issue of terrorism must be dealt with and ensure that peace prevails in the midst of all the citizens. Global terrorism has been on the rise in the last couple of years and as much as it has been met with a considerable amount of retaliation by the world’s superpower, it has not been completely dealt a major blow to an extent that it can cease. Terrorism has a number of definitions but the simplest one is â€Å"the illegitimate use of combat methods or force to achieve a certain political objective by targeting innocent people (Bruce, 2015). Further, it can also be referred to as a â€Å"set of combat methods rather than a recognizable ideology or a movement and involves use of violence against the innocent people to inflict a psychological effect of fear on others other the immediate targets (Bruce, 2015). While the effects of terrorism cannot be quantified, catastrophic terrorism aims at victimizing a large number of people, causing more damage to a larger proportion; otherwise called mass destruction. Today’s terrorism, whether local, regional or international act on greater variety of motives than it has been before. Accessibility to weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear devices, germ dispensers, poison gas weapons and even more interestingly, computer viruses has made the world that we live in more vulnerable to catastrophic terrorism. Catastrophic terrorism has become more of a possibility now due to dependence of technology and this has facilitated the terrorists with an easy way to targets. Catastrophic terrorism poses a major threat now more than ever before due to use of

Advertising Management and Brand Delivery Essay

Advertising Management and Brand Delivery - Essay Example Before criticizing statement, one has to understand the perspectives and viewpoint David Ogilvy (who has built one of the largest advertising agencies in the world) in order to address key assignment questions in precise manner (Rieck, 2013). David Ogilvy viewed advertising as the source of promoting products and helping the company to sell items which can help the firm to generate revenue. Consideration of the confession of David Ogilvy in the book named as â€Å"Confessions of an Advertising Man† reveals the fact that the advertising legend was not even ready to perceive advertising as creative expression which may not have sales impact (Ogilvy, 1988). Ogilvy (1988, p. 43) wrote â€Å"I tell new recruits that I will not allow them to use the word creative to describe the functions they are to perform in the agency† in order to his ignorance towards the word creativity. According to Ogilvy (1988), one cannot afford to become creative in advertisement designing for the sake of creativity without producing measurable result because it is responsibility of the advertising firm to take care of the interest of client who is paying for designing the advertisement. Now, the question is whether David Ogilvy was right while stating â€Å"If it doesn’t sell, it isn’t creative† or it was a misconception of the advertising legend? At this point of discussion, the essay is in no position to criticize or judge the validity of the statement due to two reasons, 1- the researcher needs to conduct literature review regarding the role of creativity in advertisement in order to get idea of theoretical background of the statement and until then, any judgement will bound to face degree of subjectivity and 2- the concept of creativity is pretty much tacit in nature hence one has to define the characteristics of creativity before making any subjective judgement to statement of David Ogilvy. Therefore, in the next section, the essay will try to answe r the three questions such as, 1- what the role of creativity in advertising is, 2- how creativity can both positively and negatively affect the success of a campaign and 3- how the creative process can be supported by the elements of the creative brief and answering the three questions will help the researcher to criticize David Ogilvy’s statement such as â€Å"If it doesn’t sell, it isn’t creative† in non-partial and robust manner. Role of Creativity in Advertising Kawashima (2006) compared advertising campaigns in Japan, US and UK and found significant amount of differences in look, feel and style of television adverts. If advertising is paid form of communication and aim is to just promote product information to customers then why would advertisers need to experiment with form, content and layout? Well, that is a pretty interesting question and answer to the question is linked with need of creativity in advertising space. Kawashima (2006) also found t hat advertisements produced in UK have more cutting edge cutting edge creative production appeals in comparison to advertisements in emerging markets like Brazil, Russia, China, India and South Africa which can be classified as banal calls to attract customers to buy the products. Grabher (2001 and 2002) pointed out that with the increase in competition in globalized economy, marketers are seeking to put more creative quotients in advertisements in order increase brand visibility among customers as against competitors. In the literature regarding advertisement, importance of culture, geo-demographic dispositions on advertisement got greater importance as against literature regard

Network Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Network Security - Research Paper Example As the paper highlights network security guarantees authentication, availability, integrity and confidentiality is important to note that â€Å"network security is not absolute†. Network security should be perceived as a continuum that moves from very unsecure to very secure which makes it possible for organizations to rank their network security based on comparison with other security systems to determine whether is secure or less secure. The security level of any network also depends on the organizational needs where some might deem information highly valuable therefore requiring that only authorized users gain access while others would allow outsiders to access information but ensure protection against attempts to modify the available information. At the same time there are organizations that demand all the organizational information on computers and networks remain private by instituting authentication for both the sender and receiver of such information. The extent to whi ch organizational network security ensures protection will therefore depend on the security policy adopted as it is what will determine the type of access required.As the discussion stresses  technology used in development of a secure network depends on three models that include obscurity, perimeter defence, and defence in depth approach. For security by obscurity, network security depends on the ability of the system in place to keep the network undetected by unauthorized persons.

Air Transport in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Air Transport in the UK - Essay Example According to the report  there are two key drivers of air transport demand in the UK economy. One is growth in income in the long-term and the other one is fall in the real cost of fares of air transport. With the decline in air fares and rise in income, the passengers are expected to increase their air travel. However, with fall in the air fares, the airlines are unable to cut down operational costs and due to this, the sector has to meet increasing cost for emission of fuels. The figure below shows the key factors of air transport demand in the UK.This research highlights that  income elasticity of demand in economics is used to measure the responsiveness of quantity demanded of a good with respect to the income change of the individual demanding the good, holding all other things constant. Mathematically, it is calculated by taking the ratio of change in the percentage of quantity demanded to the change in percentage of income.  Income elasticity of a good which is greater t han 1 (luxury good) is considered to be highly elastic. The good whose elasticity lies in the range of 0 to 1 (normal or necessary good) is considered to be elastic and the one with elasticity less than 0 (inferior good) has negative elasticity. Also, goods having income elasticity equal to 1 is unit elastic. The figure below shows different types of elasticity.  Therefore, income elasticity differs with the nature of goods. The demand for inferior good is negative, less elastic for normal good and that for luxury good, it is highly elastic.

Cause and effect on the Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision Essay

Cause and effect on the Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision - Essay Example The reasoning behind the Supreme Court decision on the Dred Scott Case is complex. The ultimate conclusion was that African Americans (Born abroad or in the USA) by nature of their heritage and race were not Citizens nor could they become Citizens and ultimately, were not protected by the Constitution. As such it was the case that slaves could not sue in court by nature of their citizenship rights, Moreover it was also decided that the American Congress didn’t have the ability to prohibit slavery and as such they could not be confiscated without some sort of due-process. The background of the case is stored. According to Watson.org (1998) Scott was a slave, born in Virginia around the turn of the 19th century and was owned by Dr. John Emerson (An Army doctor who frequently traveled). At some time during Emerson’s travels he brought Scott to several free-states for a period exceeding seven years. After the Death of Emerson, Scott claimed ill treatment by Emerson’s wife (Eliza) who denied his right to purchaser his freedom. Scot brought forward a case stating that he was free by virtue of his living in Free States and by his willingness to purchase his freedom. From the perspective of economic causes and effects of the Supreme Court decision on the Dred Scot case there are a number of factors at play. ... dollars were living in the USA around this time. This factor would weigh heavily on the decision makers. Ultimately as an effect, if the court ruling had gone another direction it would open the door to probably an endless supply of slaves bringing cases There were a number of social causes and effects pertaining to this court ruling. Even though there was a strong abolitionist movement it remained the case that blacks were regarded as beneath all whites. According to PBS (2011) it was the case that under the interpretation of the Constitution by Chief Justice Roger Taney (A slavery supporter) it was believed that blacks had no rights that white men were obliged to respect. Moreover because blacks had no rights and were as such beneath white men than blacks may be enslaved for the benefit of whites and can be treated as a piece of property. Building on this previous point, it was also argued that even though the Declaration of Independence stated that â€Å"All men are created equal † it was argued that the African race was never intended to be included as they had played no part in framing the declaration. As a result of this court decision, it is likely that this drove a greater wedge between abolitionists and slavery supporters insofar as the poorly argued rhetoric of this decision would have enraged most abolitionists. Moreover, the attempt by abolitionists to impose federal rulings on slavery supporters would have likely enraged this group as well. Without question, there were a number of political causes and effects that would have played a significant role in this court case and decision. Although it may seem like an over simplification, states that had abolished slavery were developing economies that could be described as being more

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 76

History - Essay Example of the European powers across the globe were no longer welcomed in the larger Americas; in effect, erecting a wall of protection around the unites states’ neighboring nations, thus, allowing them to develop in their own terms (Renehan, 2007). The show of solidarity expressed in the doctrine in an era of revolutions against European imperialism encouraged the United States to build up its military might in readiness to defend its interests as well as those of other smaller defenseless nations within the hemisphere. It is hard to deny that the foreign policy stance at the time formed the very origins of America’s â€Å"imperialistic, police†Ã‚  behavior, more particularly with regards to terrorism watch around the world; a policy inspired by the 9/11 never to change/be changed any time in the near future. While not referred to much often in the diplomatic transactions, the Monroe doctrine remains in force, but with a larger police role on the shoulders of the United States that goes beyond Southern

Cause and effect on the Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision Essay

Cause and effect on the Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision - Essay Example The reasoning behind the Supreme Court decision on the Dred Scott Case is complex. The ultimate conclusion was that African Americans (Born abroad or in the USA) by nature of their heritage and race were not Citizens nor could they become Citizens and ultimately, were not protected by the Constitution. As such it was the case that slaves could not sue in court by nature of their citizenship rights, Moreover it was also decided that the American Congress didn’t have the ability to prohibit slavery and as such they could not be confiscated without some sort of due-process. The background of the case is stored. According to Watson.org (1998) Scott was a slave, born in Virginia around the turn of the 19th century and was owned by Dr. John Emerson (An Army doctor who frequently traveled). At some time during Emerson’s travels he brought Scott to several free-states for a period exceeding seven years. After the Death of Emerson, Scott claimed ill treatment by Emerson’s wife (Eliza) who denied his right to purchaser his freedom. Scot brought forward a case stating that he was free by virtue of his living in Free States and by his willingness to purchase his freedom. From the perspective of economic causes and effects of the Supreme Court decision on the Dred Scot case there are a number of factors at play. ... dollars were living in the USA around this time. This factor would weigh heavily on the decision makers. Ultimately as an effect, if the court ruling had gone another direction it would open the door to probably an endless supply of slaves bringing cases There were a number of social causes and effects pertaining to this court ruling. Even though there was a strong abolitionist movement it remained the case that blacks were regarded as beneath all whites. According to PBS (2011) it was the case that under the interpretation of the Constitution by Chief Justice Roger Taney (A slavery supporter) it was believed that blacks had no rights that white men were obliged to respect. Moreover because blacks had no rights and were as such beneath white men than blacks may be enslaved for the benefit of whites and can be treated as a piece of property. Building on this previous point, it was also argued that even though the Declaration of Independence stated that â€Å"All men are created equal † it was argued that the African race was never intended to be included as they had played no part in framing the declaration. As a result of this court decision, it is likely that this drove a greater wedge between abolitionists and slavery supporters insofar as the poorly argued rhetoric of this decision would have enraged most abolitionists. Moreover, the attempt by abolitionists to impose federal rulings on slavery supporters would have likely enraged this group as well. Without question, there were a number of political causes and effects that would have played a significant role in this court case and decision. Although it may seem like an over simplification, states that had abolished slavery were developing economies that could be described as being more

The Function and Role of Research for the Health and Social Care Sector Essay Example for Free

The Function and Role of Research for the Health and Social Care Sector Essay The term research is defined as an active, thorough and systematic process of enquiry that is aimed at discovering, interpreting and revising facts. It is defined by Lancaster (1975) as â€Å"a planned, systematic search for information, for the purpose of increasing the total of man’s knowledge†. It is described by Polit and Beck (2004) as being systematic enquiry. They write that â€Å"the ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine and expand a body of knowledge†. The importance of carrying out research is to further knowledge, enhance understanding and to assess effectiveness. The word research itself derives from the French language and when translated literally means â€Å"to investigate thoroughly†. In the Health and Social Care sector research is important. It has various purposes, roles and value within Health and Social Care. As today’s society is an information-driven one nearly all decisions made regarding policies and practices require deliberation and evaluation of the evidence base. This basically means that health and social care professionals are no longer able to rely solely on just theoretical knowledge. This is where research comes into practice. In social care today organisations are expected to be research-minded. This means that research must be carried out, which can be done in a variety of forms. In the Health and Social Care sector research has many purposes. The main purposes of research are to confirm policy, confirm practice, to disprove propositions, to extend knowledge and understanding and to improve practice. All service providers need information about the needs of a community, or group of people before it can be decided what resources and services are required to meet this need. Therefore research is required. By carrying out research in health and social care practice can be improved and knowledge extended. Once research is published and is made available to health and social care practitioners the findings can be used to improve services in such a way that service providers are able to carry out their duties more profoundly. For example, research regarding the spread of MRSA led to initiatives being put in place to change practice. In the example of public health implementations, research is very important. In health and social care settings research can also be used to monitor progress. This is a vital role of research. If a health care initiative was put in place e. g. ante-natal care, research allows service providers to perceive its uptake, and based on this research may allow for initiatives to be put in place to increase participation. Without monitoring there is no way of knowing if an initiative is useful to service users or not.

The Influence Of Money In Philippine Elections

The Influence Of Money In Philippine Elections Election campaigns are now on the roll. Politicians are getting busy thinking of many ways to ensure their victory in the coming elections. Different strategies and techniques are being used by these candidates in order to win the votes of the people. Aside from the techniques and strategies, money plays a huge role in every Philippine elections. The ability to win of the candidate lies on how much money he or she is going to spend for this coming election. The aspiring candidates will definitely spend a large amount of money to catch the hearts of the voters even if it means performing an illegal act. A single vote is very precious and essential for the win a candidate. And in order to possess this single sure vote, candidates resort to buying the votes of the people. Vote buying is overt in the Philippines. It is a disease that continuously rots our political and electoral system. It has already become institutionalized in our system and remains constant despite the condemnation of many Filipinos. Before, vote buying is usually the last recourse of a rich but unpopular candidate to hold a position in office. But today, even popular ones are engaging themselves to this kind of activity because popularity per se is not enough to assure the vote of the electorate especially in local politics. Vote buying reflects a powerful image of graft and corruption. It is just the stepping stone for doing a more fraudulent act. The vicious cycle of vote buying and vote selling in the Philippines is becoming more and more alarming. This paper aims to answer the nature of vote buying, strategies of vote buying in the Philippines, the reasons for doing vote buying and vote selling and to trace the history of vote buying in the Philippines. WHAT IS VOTE BUYING? Vote buying, according to Hicken (2006), includes the individual, immediate and private exchange of goods, services or cash for electoral support, usually in violation of legal norms. It simply means giving out or handing out money to leaders and voters. It also means getting the vote of the people to ensure winning. Vote buying is also a form of economic exchange (Schaffer, 2002) because there is money involve. TYPES OF VOTE BUYING Vote buying can be categorized into two types: direct vote buying and indirect vote buying. Both types are widely used in the case of the Philippines although the idea of direct vote buying serves as the more popular act. DIRECT VOTE BUYING It is the most common type of vote buying where direct payments, in many forms, are given to the voter. It may be in the form of cash donations, shares of stock or a promise of a particular plan of action or payment in exchange for a promise of vote (Dekel, E., et. al., 2004). INDIRECT VOTE BUYING It is a kind of vote buying done in a non obvious and straightforward approach. This type of vote buying uses campaign strategies that target the weaknesses of the electorate. Here in the Philippines, the strategy of the candidates is to use and take advantage of the different Filipino traits. Example of these traits are our values of utang na loob, pakikisama, our close family and kinship ties, our religiousness, and other social values like loyalty, support and trust. They effectively use the various traits to influence and temp us to follow their selfish plans. Bava (1998) gave a concrete example on how this character capitalization happens. Different parties and candidates hire poll watchers and workers who are tasked to distribute sample ballots for their party. Each poll watchers and ballot distributors are given 1500 pesos and 500 pesos respectively, per day of work from 7 am to 3 pm. A poll watcher only needs 4 things in order to land the job: 1) a ball pen 2) a tally sheet 3) at least 18 years of age and 4) a registered vote (Bava, 1998). The last requirement is the most important and advantageous in the part of the candidates. If the hired person is a registered voter, the employer will be sure that the employers vote will go to him or her. A person offered with this kind of job will definitely take the opportunity given all the privileges and comfort that it can give. They can earn almost 1500 pesos a day by just distributing pamphlets and sample ballots. Adding to the convenience is the free meals given to them by their employer. A nd if the candidate won in the elections, most of them are given permanent jobs in various government offices. This is where indirect vote buying takes place. This act, according to Bava (1998), displays the Filipino trait of utang na loob. If a person has done something good to us, we would do anything and everything to return that goodness. In this case, the poll watchers and other employees will feel obligated to vote the candidate/employer because of the job that was given to them. FORMS OF VOTE BUYING Money is the common type of material that the candidates use in order to buy votes. But vote buying not only takes the form of money. It can be other forms of material offers. Schedler (2002) and Schaffer (2002) made a list that summarizes the different kinds of offers into three categories. The first and the most common form is payment. A payment is an amount of money paid. Schedler (2002, p.4) described it as a commercial relationship in which partners trade equivalent values. The citizen trades his vote in exchange of money. The act of accepting money denotes that there is an indirect agreement between the giver and the receiver of the payment. The second kind of material offer takes the form of gifts. A gift is something that is given out of free will without paying something in return. In the context of vote buying, accepting a gift does not give you the responsibility and obligation of voting the giver. The last kind is in the form of wage. A wage is an amount of money paid in exchange of services rendered. Like gifts, it does not require any obligation to the candidate. FACTORS AFFECTING VOTE BUYING According to Schaffer (2002), there are three factors that affect the strategies of the candidates and the perception of the voters toward vote buying. These are socioeconomic, institutional and political factors. The first factor both affects the candidates strategies and the voters perception while the last two factors affect mainly the strategies of the candidates. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS One of the socioeconomic factors is the social class (Hicken, 2006). The formulation of the different strategies is influenced by social classes existing in society. The candidate must make a strategy that can produce strong and favorable impressions on people from different walks of life. It should cater to the needs of the entire high, middle and low class population. But it is impossible to come up with such strategies given that there is a massive gap and conflicting interests present among these social classes. Different social classes connote different needs and expectations. A strategy that might work to the lower class might be ineffective to the middle and higher class or a strategy that may be good to the higher class might harm those belonging in the lower class. Adding to the problem is the unequal number of population belonging to a certain social class. In the Philippines, the population of the lower class is greater than the population of the middle and higher class co mbined. The solution to these is to focus the strategy to those who constitute the majority. The easiest and most effective strategy to garner votes is to buy the votes of those who are included in this majority (which is the lower class). It will be very effective since those who belong in this class are financially unable who need money to sustain their everyday living. This scenario is very prevalent in the Philippines since many are members of the lower class. Almost all politicians who are running in office are focusing their campaign on the less fortunate because to them, greater number of voters means more number of votes and more number of votes means greater chances of winning. The second socioeconomic factor is education (Hicken, 2006) which affects the voters view about vote buying. For the high and some middle class voters, vote buying is a deviant and somehow an immoral behavior. Those in the higher and middle class are strong attackers of this practice. They are advocates of different anti-vote buying campaigns and they are known for organizing movements that educate the people about this kind of campaign strategies. They have this kind of opinion because education teaches them about these kinds of things. But for some middle class and most in the lower class (who cannot afford to have a higher education), they accepted vote buying because they perceive it as the time when they can receive free money that they can use to buy their necessities. INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS Hicken (2006, p. 48), stated that the rules and institutions under which candidates must operate can influence their incentives to purchase electoral support. Different institutional factors may encourage or discourage the use of vote buying. One institutional factor is the electoral system itself (Hicken, 2006). Under this factor is the district magnitude. It affects the strategy of the candidate because large constituency means larger amount of money needed to buy votes. Large district also has influence on the manner of distribution of the money. The strategy will be more expensive and costly since the distribution of money will take much longer and there should be an increase in the number of employees to properly accomplish the strategy. As a result, candidates will lessen the amount of money to be distributed to the people in order to prioritize other campaign strategies. POLITICAL FACTORS Political factors are different conditions and circumstances in society that affect the creation of various policies political choices. One of the variables under this factor is the election laws, particularly the anti-vote buying laws (Hicken, 2006). The degree of execution of different anti-vote buying laws affect how candidates device their strategy and distribution plans. In the Philippines, vote buying is illegal yet it continues to occur probably because of inefficiency of the laws and the law enforcers and the light punishments that will be given to the law breaker. There is no strict regulation of such laws in our country that is why the practice of vote buying is still a widespread act. More often than not, the law enforcers themselves are the protector of this scheme. BUDGET SOURCES The first thing that comes into our minds when we talk about vote buying is money. Money is the vital element of vote buying. It is the foundation of any vote buying scheme. We usually think that all vote buying funds are coming from the pockets of the candidates since most of them are members of the elite. But I think that the candidates are smart enough not to make use of their own wealth and to think of other alternative ways of budget sources. Some candidates most likely get their vote buying budget from their own political parties. Others accept donations from different business sectors given the condition that if they win the elections, they will repay them by giving them economic benefits and government protection. For example, the candidate accepted the donation from a construction company. If the candidate won the elections and plans to carry out road projects, he or she will be obliged to make the company the contractor of the said projects. Other candidates resort in getting illegal funds. Candidates who seek re-election have the advantage when it comes to money resources because they can easily tap pork barrel and other government funds. Some ask the help of drug syndicates, smugglers, kidnappers, gamblers and robbers to provide them with untraceable funds. It is true because we can observe that many crimes and illegal acts are happening during the election season. In return, the candidates give them financial support and protection. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF VOTE BUYING A carefully devised plan of action is needed to successfully carry out acts, especially if it is illegal. Candidates and politicians are wise in strategizing the effective way to buy the votes of the people. Usually, they even hire experts and professionals who are knowledgeable in fields concerning illegal campaign scheming. One specific strategy to ensure that the money given was translated into vote is what Bionat (1998) called Lanzadera system. In this strategy, the watchers give the voters an already completed ballot which will be dropped by the voters in the ballot box. After dropping the already completed ballot, the voter, then, takes with him or her the blank ballot and give it to the watcher. The watcher will complete that ballot and give it to the next paid voter. In this system, the money is given only if the voter returns with a blank ballot. I interviewed people from our barangay in Bulakan, Bulacan about the chronic vote buying in our place. They had first hand experiences on how vote buying takes place in our town. Based from that interview, I was able to learn other strategies and series of actions on how the scheme of vote buying happens. According to them, vote buying is usually conducted a night or two before the election day, usually around eight in the evening until midnight. Each politician has their own leader per community who is responsible for the identification of supporters and potential vote buying targets. They are also responsible in delivering the money to the house of the identified voters, at times in the appearance of paying the watcher. The intense vote buying is very evident and common in our place that the people are the ones coming and lining up in front of the politicians headquarters to ask for the money. Another strategy done by the candidates is getting the trust of barangay officials and other community leaders. In this way, the candidate can almost assume his or her hold in the community. The local leaders, then, are given large amount of money in exchange of buying the votes of their constituencies on behalf of the politician or the candidate. One more strategy that was mentioned by my neighbors is buying non-supporters. Candidates will offer those non-supporters with huge amount money. If they accept it, they will not be allowed to come out of their houses on the day of the election. There will be someone who will serve as a watchman that will ensure that the voter will abide to the agreement. Some politicians, in order to be extra sure, hire a bus that will take all the paid non-supporters to an out-of-town trip on the election day. Another strategy is the taking advantage of the politicians on our deep family and kinship ties. Some politicians use a relative or an influential member of a clan to convince members of the family and close friends to accept the money and to vote for that politician. Vote buying also happens during the election day itself as said by the interviewees. Buying may take the form of 100 pesos attached to the sample ballot. There are also ways in order to ensure that the paid voter will comply with the agreement. Before giving the money, they are required to give proofs that they voted that candidate. Usually, they bring with them a carbon paper or they are asked to take a picture of the ballot with a cell phone camera. Others asked the voters to make an agreed mark (a particular fold for example) on the ballot to serve as identification in the course of the counting of the votes. REASON WHY POLITICIANS BUY VOTES The primary reason why politicians buy votes is the hunger for power. Vote buying is a form of desperation to remain in power. Many politicians fight for the privilege of power because it implies influence and control over other individuals. They see power as the easiest way to achieve fame and fortune. Candidates want to purchase the vote of the people to obtain domination on different public organizations and mechanisms. They are not afraid to spend a big amount of money because once they are elected in office; they can easily recover the money that was used to pay those individuals. REASONS WHY PEOPLE SELL THEIR VOTES According to the April 2007 of the Social Weather Station (SWS), one in two of the registered voters think that there is nothing bad in accepting the money offers from the candidates (refer to Figure 1). Others may not see this from of money-giving as an attempt to buy their votes. They accept the money but it does not necessarily mean that they will vote for that candidate. Another reason is the offer seems as an opportunity to get the money, which was stolen by the politicians, back to the people. They might as well accept the offered money since it came from the taxes of the people. The April 2007 SWS survey also found that those in the rural areas were more probable in accepting money compared to those who live in urban areas (refer to Table 1). This shows that the primary reason for the selling of votes is poverty. Those who live in or below the poverty line mostly are unemployed individuals. They take the money because they needed it. For the poor, payment for a vote can mean a week without hunger. They just accept the offer because for them, dignity and pride cannot create food and money. Some may see elections as the only chance to obtain something from the government. They have this view that it is an obligation of a candidate to give money and other material things to their supporters. There are some reasons that we can consider negative in the part of the voters. People accept payments because they are being threatened. Most of the times, material offers are accompanied with terror, making them very difficult to refuse. Figure 1. In an election, it is not bad to accept money provided one votes according to ones conscience. Source: http://www.sws.org.ph/pr070503.htm Table 1. Rural areas approved accepting money compared to those in the urban areas. Source: http://www.sws.org.ph/pr070503.htm IS REFORM POSSIBLE? For the past few years, many have attempted to stop and eliminate the practice of vote buying in the Philippines. They even formed different organizations that promote the values of an honest election. But none of them actually succeeded. The effectiveness of efforts depends on how organizers or developers predicted the intensity of vote buying strategies as well as the various reasons why people accept the offers. A reform aims to change the behavior of the candidates and the voters. Reforms for givers usually take the form of strengthened laws. Example includes strengthened vote secrecy, tightened campaign finance rules and many others that aim to prevent anyone from buying votes. But these reforms led only to a limited success. Vote buyers, instead of stopping, have adapt themselves to the new environment. To escape punishments, they devised new ways on how to carry out vote buying like increasing the instances of indirect vote buying rather than direct vote buying. It became more uncontrollable even though new laws strained it to become more subtle. On the other hand, reform has always taken the form of voter education. Probably the most successful technique that was done to eradicate vote buying is the campaign against vote buying through different public service posters (see Illustration 1, Illustration 2 and Illustration 3). Successful in the sense that it enables the public to gain information about the wrongness of vote buying. But it did not really help in the removal of this unacceptable practice. None of the attempts to completely stop vote buying became successful. Law enforcers and reformists continue to devise stricter policies and laws against vote buying despite the fact that none of these actually really worked. Instead of wasting the time in just making stricter policies, they should consider focusing their attention on real roots of this act. Government should focus their attention more on improving economic development and education. By doing so, people will not have the reason to accept money in exchange of their votes. At this point in time, I can say that reform is really impossible. Reform will only be possible once our political and economic system become stable. Illustration 2: 3M public service ad, May 2001. blinded by money. Vote with your conscience. Source: Schaffer, 2005 Illustration 1: Namfrel Public Service Ad, May 2001. Your vote is valuable, it doesnt have a price. Your character is priceless. So, in this election, dont sell your character, dont sell you vote. Source: Schaffer, 2005 Illustration 3: Red Horse Beer public service ad, May 2001. A little pocket change wont put you ahead. Dont ask for a bribe. Vote for a good candidate. Source: Schaffer, 2005 HISTORY OF VOTE BUYING IN THE PHILIPPINES Vote buying is not just a recent development in Philippine elections. Its existence started with the coming of foreign colonizers and continued to flourish and evolve with the advancement of new technologies and the development of new ideas. Pre-colonial elections in the Philippines did not have vote buying because the leadership was assumed not through election but through succession. The same thing goes probably with the elections during the early Spanish period (17th to 18th century). I did not find any account stating that there was vote buying but I assume that there was none because there was no elections and the leaders were only appointed by the Spaniards. In the late Spanish period (19th century), Spanish colonial control in the Philippines declined as the Philippine revolution started. The revolution led to the development of a government established by Aguinaldo. Under this government, most officials were selected individuals from the principalia class and elections were only held for higher positions. There was no large scale elections during that time so vote buying was not an option. The coming of the American period started vote buying in the Philippines. The Americans gave all Filipinos the right to rule and the right to vote. Act No. 60, which became the organic law for all municipal governments, started the elite rule in the Philippines (Tangcangco, 1988). The Act provided a requirement that only allowed the elites to vote and participate in elections. The elites became powerful and they may have realized the advantage that the position can give them. They became accustomed to the power that was once denied by the Spaniards. From then on, in order to sustain this power, they did whatever means and costs to be elected in office. Here are some of the documented instances of vote buying from the American period until the present period. In the 1929 Elections (during the American period), money was very essential in the campaign period. Money was used to pay-off rivals to withdraw their candidacy, to buy the votes of the people, to threaten the people, and to bribe campaign leaders of the rival candidate. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996). In 1940 Local elections (Commonwealth period), Money was again a very important tool. Specific example for this one is the case of Pedro Abad Santos of the Socialist Party. He was predicted as the winner of the gubernatorial race in the province of Pampanga because of his massive popularity to his constituents but his wealthy opponent won the election by almost 7000 votes. There was no evidence of the strategies his opponent had used but the Abad Santos camp was really sure that his opponent used his money to buy the votes of the people. Another example was the electoral protest of Dr. Hilario Moncado against Tomas Cabili. They were fighting for a congressional seat in Lanoa province. Moncado accused Cabili of unlawful campaign by promising free legal services and employment for those who will vote for him. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996) In the 1949 National Elections (during the post-independence period), all forms of fraud and manipulation were reportedly done by President Elpidio Quirino to ensure his position as president. Quirino and his other candidates used massive and whole-sale vote-buying in forms of money, jobs and pork barrel. It was reported that Quirino had used almost four million pesos during his election campaign. The three provinces where the massive vote buying occurred include Negros Occidental, Nueva Ecija and Lanao. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996) The 1969 Presidential and Congressional Elections was between The Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party. This was considered as the bloodiest and dirtiest election (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996, p.111) prior to the Martial law period. Both parties reportedly used different techniques to ensure their victory. These included cheating, ballot stuffing and massive vote buying. It was stated in the reports that the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party spent around 700 million pesos and 300 million pesos respectively. That money came from the pork-barrel funds and was used as media fees and in buying votes. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996). During the Martial law period, all kinds of wholesale fraud were committed including vote buying. In order to capture the loyalty of the rural people, Marcos personally distributed 4000 pesos to every barrio captain during his campaign. The barrio captains were tasked to divide the money among the inhabitants of the barrio. (Abueva, 1970). In the 1992 elections, there was a ban on media advertisements so the candidates had more cash to spend on their campaigns. Feliciano Belmonte, Quezon City congressional candidate at that time, was reported to have given cash and free tickets to Hongkong during his campaign. (Bionat, 1998) The media advertisement was also banned in the 1995 elections. According to Bionat (1998), mayors in Cebu received a bonus of 50,000 to 100,000 pesos for campaigning the 12 senatorial bets of the administration. Like what Marcos did, candidates also bought the votes of the grassroots leader. The difference is that the value of their support was more expensive. Barangay captains accepted a minimum of 500 pesos and a maximum of 20,000 pesos from the candidates. (Bionat, 1998) In the 2004 Presidential elections, Arroyo committed almost all kinds of fraud according to Tuazon (2006). One example is the Oplan Mercury that was exposed by Rudy Galang (one of the brains of this idea). The goals of this plan are to use public funds to the campaign, to provide money to local officials and to buy the support of those in the opposition. (Tuazon, 2006). Elections in the Philippines from pre-colonial era to the present show how we incorporate influences of colonial rule into our political system. The good and bad effects of these interventions became part of the changes in Philippine elections. History tells us that the face of Philippine elections has never really changed. We still continue to perform the practices of the past. The difference now is that it just assumes new shape and form. CONCLUSION In a poor country like ours, it is impossible to have a power because our politicians know our vulnerability to pressure and our hardships in life. Majority of our electorate are poor and have no means of livelihood, no education to back them up and they just resign themselves to taking alms and relief. The poorer the country the more prevalent vote buying is. They take advantage of our weaknesses but we cannot blame those who sell their votes. Filipinos minds are set for any answers that are immediate. That is why even when the act is illegal and unlawful, like selling votes, they instantly resort to it to easily come up with a solution to their problem, like poverty. People are quite fixated on short term solutions instead of long term ones. A 500 peso bill can buy you, lets say, a two days decent meal, but it cannot assure you economic stability in the future. For me, vote buying can be associated with surrendering ones right to vote and selling ones principle. I will definitely not sell my vote. Vote buying is based on morality. Money is good by itself but the act is evil because it violates my freedom, my dignity and my right as an individual. Vote buying is not a native Filipino idea. It was only a reflection of our colonial experience. But this experience manifest in us that it became a constant scenario in elections. History has an indirect effect on the start of vote buying in the Philippines. The desire for self-rule that was forbidden to the Filipinos for almost 300 years was suddenly bestowed to us that it might have created the idea of doing whatever it takes (may it be good or bad) to preserve and uphold this right.