A Web Designing Company

Question: Assessment Task - Web Design Company Article (Case Study)In preparation for employment in the web design industry students are required to select a web design development company and undertake research that will establish the skills and management needed to work for or setting up a company for themselves. Answer: Introduction Achieve Internet is a website developer for the Drupal enterprise. They develop websites for international companies and organizations. One of their leading clients is Hunter enterprise which is a market leader in irrigation techniques and machineries. The case study is based around the development of a new website for their client Hunter enterprise which will bring together the complex management system of the enterprise to showcase their 1900 products to the international market in six different languages (Yang, 2014). For the creation of this case study it was important to visit the achieve enterprise office and personally interview the project contact at the hunter and incorporate their customer quotes into the technical details written by the achieve engineers. Interview Questions What was the challenge that was to be met by the Achieve engineers on developing webpage for Hunter Industries? How was the problem for the translated sites solved? How was the complexity of the product pages solved? What preparations were taken before the process began? What were the challenges faced by the engineering team and how did they overcame it? How was your experience about the Achieve team and what are the future plans? What are the qualities of a good designer? The Challenge The Hunter industries is a leading manufacturer of the irrigation facilities for homeowners as well as commercial properties like golf courses and sports fields. The present page of the Hunter was developed with static pages and contained a lot of irregularities. The old pages were not even updated as new products were being developed and this directly affected the viewers of the web page due to huge number of outdated information. The biggest competitor of the Hunter enterprise had developed a better website than the ad for the same Hunter contacted the achieve internet to build a website which would be the marketing wheel of their company , showing of all the assets of the company and calling in the customers (Xing, Li and Jing, 2011). Hunter industries is a B2B company and therefore their prime customers were outside installers and contractors. The website was not built for e-commerce but it gave all the information regarding the products as a retail store gives before purchase, so it was important for achieve to retain that information and it should be even compatible with the old browsers the companys primary customers use (Su and Tang, 2013). Why drupal (achieve internet) was chosen? Hunter evaluated three other CMSs and more than seven companies before choosing Drupal. Drupal had the reputation of managing large amounts of data and they really needed that as a priority because the data of Hunter was really very large. Now their job was to find web designing company which had a strong knowledge of Drupal and data structure. Achieve came into picture since then as they stood out in that sector. The previous sites being made of static pages the support articles were not updated so that recent products could be introduced. The support department of the Hunter industries were the people who pushed the deal of updating the website with Drupal tech which have enabled them to keep all equipments up to date (Starr, 2013). The Advantage Of Translation The Hunter industries being a global company has contractors and customers all over the world including Saudi Arabia, China, France and many other. Their business is transacted in over 24 languages, and the growth of the international segment of the company has become 40% from 5% in the last few years. Therefore the translation of their web pages was a game changing effort on their side to improve the business overseas (Spragins, 1998). Achieve translated the base site which was in the US English language. The translation process should be as easy and automated as possible. A media translation model was developed by the Achieve for this purpose which would enable the Hunter to collect all their related media into a translation set and the automatically show the correct file for that language site without having to load the media file to all the translated nodes. When Hunter creates a translation set and the base media file to the base product node and hence the corrected media files are automatically displayed on the correct sites (Schmidt, Liu and Sridharan, 2009). Nothing Is Simpler Than A Complex Issue for Achieve The web page was very complex before the implementation by the Achieve team. The related pages were very difficult to be found by the visitor and moving from product to product was a very complex process. Achieve now has implemented each product in the irrigation line has its own page in the website now. The product image gallery and videos are very detailed and catchy, enabling the viewers with enough details to solve all the enquiries. Each of the product page also has an extensive information detail about the product which can be accessed by tab in the bottom of the product screen. Installation guides, specification documents and support and troubleshooting documents are also included in the pages. Most of the important products also have charts explaining the benefits and specifications of the relatable products. The movement of the user from product to product has also become very easy with the inclusion of menu system in the left side bar. It has also included more than 1600 PD F CAD files in the extensive support and installation support information, WORD documents and PowerPoint slides are also included, each with a thumbnail and metatag information. The inclusion of all these functions on the websites has helped the irrigation installers and the maintainers solve a lot of the maintenance issues, by providing them with easy access to the information in the field and hence reduces the support costs of the company (Ross, 2002). Media Files Implementation Achieve realized that even before the initiation of the project the most critical need for the company is to assemble and locate so that thousands of media files ca be managed, including image files, videos, PDFs, zip files and numerous other constituting a total of 41 extension files. Achieve created Views media browser module for Hunter which utilizes the power of the Drupal view module and hence provides a customized browsing experience when searching for or selecting media files (Mitchell, 2010). Hunter routinely updates their media file so they asked Achieve to implement something which might not erase the old files but just be replaced by the new files. They created a media module update for them which was created from the base of Drupal 7 core (Korman, 2006). The inclusion of the media files on the Hunter site such as PDF files, JPEGs, Microsoft word documents, zip files and likewise files were very important to be included in the search results of the website. The present search module Solr search which cannot index the actual file content effectively, such as the content of the document files. Achieve developed ApacheSolr media module has the ability to index the fields within the media fields including titles, descriptions and taxonomies which can effectively search for contents in any file. The custom module elements developed by Achieve allows any user to understand how the resource library, support library and the case study library of Hunter enterprise works. They can look for anything starting from product type customer type or location and surfaces the information really comfortably for them. That was an absolute masterpiece search module developed by the Achieve for the Hunter enterprise. Achieve has also included the website wi th a multiple number of landing pages which aids in the location of information in a similar set of information. They are for the representation of product and product lines, support documents and resources like marketing PDFs. The landing pages have extensive filtering capabilities which can extract any piece of information required by the user or localized search is also present which searches type of search results only in the landing page (Fan, 2014). Challenges Faced By the Engineers The challenging part was the organization of the information part internally and the process by which the content creators will efficiently manage the information. It was one of the many interesting challenges faced by the Achieve team in the project. The first obstacle to be overcome was the effective implementation of the complex product pages, the tabs and the embedded charts. Panels, charts, contexts and custom pages were implemented as solutions for the problem, but custom page was found most suitable. The placement of the elements of the page was to be done correctly such as image galleries and the blocks on the right side of the page without content wrapping was proving to be a problem. Even the Drupal blocks were not working so the engineers wrote a custom renderer to insert the content in the correct places of the template (Djonov, 2007). The project page had a Feature tab which showed the content formatted in two bulleted list. He balancing of this column was quite problematic and required a lot of brain storming. This would allow the content creator to insert the contents in a plain text box and it will fit automatically in the correct position of the page. The display of tabs on the product pages was another challenging task and therefore dummy placeholder with field types was created. This renders the Solr search as a tab on the page. The process to format the resources on the product detail pages Resource tab and on the Resource landing page was another interesting task for the Achieve team. Formatting of a page includes the resource thumbnail, image, custom titles, and the flags which displays a dropdown menu when the user hovers over the resource. This was implemented by the help of a Media Translational module and a number of custom theme functions which controls the grouping of related content and the language selection drop down menu (Di Blas, Garzotto and Poggi, 2009). The grouping of the landing pages and the tabs in the product pages which are a part of the Solr search results was a tough cookie to figure out. Then they came up with a solution of dividing the landing page and tabs in two separate themes. The basic problem of the website was that it had to function in IE6 as most of the customers of Hunter enterprise use older versions of computers. The contractors who use the website is one of the prime clients of Hunter and though being troublesome the website had to be accommodated in the older versions of the internet explorer (Crisp, Jensen and Moore, 2007). Most of the critical contents of Hunter is in form of complex charts with interesting formatting. The web designers have pasted the charts throughout the sites, including the bottom of the landing pages and the product page. Instead of creating the chart multiple times it has been attached to product node as node reference. In the landing pages they have attached the charts to the taxonomy term that the landing page filters on (Bostenaru Dan, 2015). The product pages contain a video block which helps to down load local as well as you tube videos of various formats. These were required to be grouped together and then displayed correctly in the video block. The designers designed it in such a way that the first video added by the content creators would be a YouTube video and the rest may be of any type (Blanket web design coverage [Book Review], 2002). Qualities of a Good Designer Communication is the most important aspect of designing, whether it is through the design which gives the user best experience or by talking about ones ideas with other designers. The will to push through problems is also the most important aspect of a designer. A good designer also works on the feedback from the users and works on new designs to further refine them. Collaboration and dependency is the collaboration of a designer helps in the building of a great product. A good designer always sticks to their goals and to keep learning and not to get set in ones own ways too quickly (Badre, 2002). What we learned? The above case study shows the different problems one faces during the development of a web page and what forms of implementations and ideas come up to solve those problems. The general problems to be solved for the creation of the web pages has to be dealt by both the design engineers and the client company. The client company has to clearly depict their goals and requirements of building of the company website i.e. a transparency has to be maintained between the client and the designers. The designers also have to be very patient and yet determined to find a solution to each and every problem faced by the team. References Badre, A. (2002). Shaping web usability---interaction design in context.Interactions, 9(3). Blanket web design coverage [Book Review]. (2002).IT Prof., 4(2), pp.60-60. Bostenaru Dan, M. (2015). Hard Copy Building Model versus Digital Webpage Serving the Representation of Concepts in Architecture Design and in Stenographic Design.RES, 7(3). Crisp, K., Jensen, M. and Moore, R. (2007). Pros and cons of a group webpage design project in a freshman anatomy and physiology course.AJP: Advances in Physiology Education, 31(4), pp.343-346. Di Blas, N., Garzotto, F. and Poggi, C. (2009). Web Engineering at the Frontier of the Web 2.0: Design Patterns for Online 3D Shared Spaces.World Wide Web, 12(4), pp.345-379. Djonov, E. (2007). Website hierarchy and the interaction between content organization, webpage and navigation design: A systemic functional hypermedia discourse analysis perspective.Information Design Journal, 15(2), pp.144-162. Fan, J. (2014). Research and Design of Webpage Adaptive Matching Platform Based on Mobile Phone.AMM, 687-691, pp.2276-2279. Korman, K. (2006). Web design 2.0.Networker, 10(1), p.3. Mitchell, E. (2010). Standards, Efficiency, and the Evolution of Web Design.Journal of Web Librarianship, 4(4), pp.453-455. Ross, M. (2002). Shortsighted Web design.The Computer Bulletin, 44(6), pp.26-27. Schmidt, K., Liu, Y. and Sridharan, S. (2009). Webpage aesthetics, performance and usability: Design variables and their effects.Ergonomics, 52(6), pp.631-643. Spragins, J. (1998). Web site engineering: beyond web page design [Book Reviews].IEEE Network, 12(6), pp.5-5. Starr, J. (2013). Design Considerations for Multilingual Web Sites.Information Technology and Libraries, 24(3). Su, L. and Tang, M. (2013). Interface Design Effects on Webpage: A Theoretical Study and Website Evaluation.IJOEE, 1(4), pp.295-299. Xing, R., Li, J. and Jing, T. (2011). Design and Implementation for Malicious Links Detection System Based On Security Relevance of Webpage Script Text.International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security, 3(3), pp.41-47. Yang, S. (2014). Interaction Representation and Application of Flash Animation in Webpage Design.AMM, 596, pp.998-1002.

Sample Essay For Admission Test

Sample Essay For Admission TestWhen you are preparing for your time-consuming Stanford University graduate program admission test, it is better to be prepared for it with a sample essay. The following paragraphs will discuss the purpose of this essay and why you need to have it ready. In fact, the sample essay is an essential resource for people who want to prepare for a time-consuming study. If you do not have this guide, then this article will explain what it is and why you should have it ready for that admission test.Before you begin writing your test essay, the first thing you need to prepare for is a sample essay for the Stanford Graduate School of Education Test (TSST). This essay sample is not like those you can find in the college or university library. Instead, it is a sample essay that you can purchase at a book store and get a full report on.It helps a lot if you already have some idea of the type of student you are. This gives you a starting point on how to tackle the sam ple essay for the test. If you are a good candidate for the academic test, then you will find that you don't have to do much preparation for it.If you aren't, then the sample for the essay for the admission test will help you get prepared for the time-consuming admission test. By going over this information with the sample, you will be able to find the right topics to write about and the correct words to use to structure the essay. You will also know the kind of question format and the format to use in this article.If you are planning to go through the TSI test, then this is a good thing for you to have a sample essay for the test. This is because a lot of people tend to forget or fail to do so that it does not matter how well you know the types of subjects or students you are. For this reason, you must remember that you are already writing a sample essay.To help prepare for the TSI, you can go through the sample essay that you just purchased. Try to come up with your own topic idea s. You can include things like 'historical' topics or things that involve the topic of history or other academic subjects. Again, try to add your personal opinion or history on the topic and how it impacts the study.The TSI is a very time-consuming test. This is especially true if you are applying to be a professor. As long as you remember that it is a time-consuming exam, you will be doing fine. In fact, if you were a professor in college, you probably spent more time on preparing for this test than actually teaching it.The best thing that you can do for yourself in the event that you do take the TSI is to make sure that you have a sample for this exam. This will help you do some testing yourself to see if you still have your strengths and weaknesses as a student. If you do, then you will be on your way to being a professor in the future.

Individual Memo Essays

Individual Memo Essays Individual Memo Essay Individual Memo Essay It allows for virtually any format for the paper rivers as well as processing government compliant CHAPS variations of the surveys that are being implemented in healthcare organizations nation-wide. The new system will provide user-centered experience and intuitive design to allow every branch of the business to operate effectively and efficiently. QPS system provides company-wide synergy and interoperability between the segments of the process from outbound production, to inbound processing to analysis and presentation of results to our clients. In order for the success of the project it is required for every business manager to undergo at least 1 0 ours of training to use the new system and to get familiar with host of new compliance policies. Stakeholders Executive Sponsors CEO CIO Users Analysts Outbound Production Inbound Production Development Project Managers Developers Objectives and Outcomes The main objective of this project is to streamline the production, processing, and analysis of medical satisfaction surveys across the company wide continuum while adhering to the government standards, privacy laws, and new compliance policies. The outcomes of this project include a accompanied roll of the new Qualifies Survey Processing System and end- seer training in order to effectively and efficiently utilize the new system to its full potential. Success Measurement Since National Research Corporation has chosen a value based approach to this project it will be measured by its efficiency, effectiveness, and ease of use. The value this new system provides to the company is measured in reduced costs of production, increased speed and volume of production, increased speed of processing, increased efficiency of processing and analysis of data, as well as increase in speed of end result delivery to our clients. The reject is aiming at impacting operational area of the company. The new system will increase effectiveness and efficiency all across the process. The new system will be faster, more dynamic and easier to use. The new process will increase the productivity by about 1 5%, processing and analysis time by 19%, end-result presentation speed by 17%. All around these numbers will have a huge impact on quality and speed of our service. This in turn will allow to increase the production and provide the ability to attain a larger number of big clients than we currently can handle.

Civil War Battle of Fort Pulaski

Civil War Battle of Fort Pulaski The Battle of Fort Pulaski was fought April 10-11, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Commanders Union Major General David HunterBrigadier General Quincy Gillmore Confederates Colonel Charles H. Olmstead Battle of Fort Pulaski: Background Built on Cockspur Island and completed in 1847, Fort Pulaski guarded the approaches to Savannah, GA. Unmanned and neglected in 1860, it was seized by Georgia state troops on January 3, 1861, shortly before the state left the Union. For much of 1861, Georgia and then Confederate forces worked to strengthen the defenses along the coast. In October, Major Charles H. Olmstead took command of Fort Pulaski and immediately began efforts to improve its condition and enhance its armament. This work resulted in the fort ultimately mounting 48 guns which included a mix of mortars, rifles, and smoothbores. As Olmstead labored at Fort Pulaski, Union forces under Brigadier General Thomas W. Sherman and Flag Officer Samuel Du Pont succeeded in capturing Port Royal Sound and Hilton Head Island in November 1861. In response to the Union successes, the newly-appointed commander of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and East Florida, General Robert E. Lee ordered his forces to abandon the outlying coastal defenses in favor of concentrating at key locations further inland. As part of this shift, Confederate forces departed Tybee Island southeast of Fort Pulaski. Coming Ashore On November 25, shortly after the Confederate withdraw, Sherman landed on Tybee accompanied by his chief engineer Captain Quincy A. Gillmore, ordnance officer Lieutenant Horace Porter, and topographical engineer Lieutenant James H. Wilson. Assessing Fort Pulaskis defenses, they requested that a variety of siege guns be sent south including several new heavy rifles. With Union strength on Tybee growing, Lee visited the fort in January 1862 and directed Olmstead, now a colonel, to make several improvements to its defenses including the construction of traverses, pits, and blindage. Isolating the Fort That same month, Sherman and DuPont explored options for bypassing the fort using the adjacent waterways but found that they were too shallow. In an effort to isolate the fort, Gillmore was directed to build a battery on swampy Jones Island to the north. Completed in February, Battery Vulcan commanded the river to the north and west. By the end of the month, it was supported by a smaller position, Battery Hamilton, which was constructed mid-channel on Bird Island. These batteries effectively cut off Fort Pulaski from Savannah. Preparing for the Bombardment As Union reinforcements arrived, Gillmores junior rank became an issue as he was to oversee engineering activities in the area. This resulted in him successfully convincing Sherman to advance him to the temporary rank of brigadier general. As the heavy guns began to arrive at Tybee, Gillmore directed the construction of a series of eleven batteries along the islands northwest coast. In an effort to hide the work from the Confederates, all construction was done at night and covered with brush before dawn. Laboring through March, a complex series of fortifications slowly emerged. Despite work moving forward, Sherman, never popular with his men, found himself replaced in March by Major General David Hunter. Though Gillmores operations were not altered, his new immediate superior became Brigadier General Henry W. Benham. Also an engineer, Benham encouraged Gillmore to quickly finish the batteries. As sufficient artillerymen were not present on Tybee, training also commenced teaching infantrymen how to work the siege guns. With work completed, Hunter desired to commence the bombardment on April 9, however torrential rains prevented the battle from commencing. The Battle of Fort Pulaski At 5:30 AM on April 10, the Confederates awoke to the sight of the completed Union batteries on Tybee which had been stripped of their camouflage. Assessing the situation, Olmstead was disheartened to see that only a few of his guns could bear on the Union positions. At dawn, Hunter dispatched Wilson to Fort Pulaski with a note demanding its surrender. He returned a short time later with Olmsteads refusal. The formalities concluded, Porter fired the first gun of the bombardment at 8:15 AM. While the Union mortars dropped shells on the fort, the rifled guns fired on the barbette guns before switching to reduce the masonry walls at the forts southeast corner. The heavy smoothbores followed a similar pattern and also attacked the forts weaker eastern wall. As the bombardment continued through the day, Confederate guns were put out of action one by one. This was followed by the systematic reduction of Fort Pulaskis southeast corner. The new rifled guns proved particularly effective against its masonry walls. As night fell, Olmstead inspected his command and found the fort in shambles. Unwilling to submit, he elected to hold out. After sporadic firing during the night, the Union batteries resumed their assault the next morning. Hammering Fort Pulaskis walls, the Union guns began opening a series of breaches in the southeast corner of the fort. With Gillmores guns pummeling the fort, preparations for an assault to be launched the next day moved forward. With the reduction of the southeast corner, Union guns were able to fire directly into Fort Pulaski. After a Union shell nearly detonated the forts magazine, Olmstead realized that further resistance was futile. At 2:00 PM, he ordered the Confederate flag lowered. Crossing to the fort, Benham and Gillmore opened surrender talks. These were quickly concluded and the 7th Connecticut Infantry arrived to take possession of the fort. As it was a year since the fall of Fort Sumter, Porter wrote home that Sumter is avenged! Aftermath An early victory for the Union, Benham and Gillmore lost one killed, Private Thomas Campbell of the 3rd Rhode Island Heavy Infantry, in the battle. Confederate losses totaled three severely wounded and 361 captured. A key result of the fight was the stunning performance of the rifled guns. Tremendously effectively, they made masonry fortifications obsolete. The loss of Fort Pulaski effectively closed the port of Savannah to Confederate shipping for the remainder of the war. Fort Pulaski was held by a reduced garrison for the rest of the war, though Savannah would remain in Confederate hands until taken by Major General William T. Sherman in late 1864 at the culmination of his March to the Sea.

Advantages of Tourism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advantages of Tourism - Assignment Example the economy as a whole. The three main sectors that are used to define the tourism industry are transport,accommodation and food and beverages. This part of the paper will discuss some articles that provide the different advantages of tourism and the outlooks of the authors regarding the subject.According to Brida,Pereyra and Such,one of the biggest advantages of tourism is economic growth for the country. When referring to economic growth, the article discusses different facets of the economy that are helped by tourism, but the main contributor is the growth of the Gross Domestic Product as a result of the tourism industry. From the two main classes of contribution of tourism to GDP, it can be seen that the first factor of tourism and GDP is the total spending done by both internal and external residents in the tourism sector. As can be seen, there are usually two types of tourists, the internal or domestic ones and the foreign tourists. The money that these two classes of tourists spend in the sector helps in growing the economy. The second factor of tourism and GDP development is the spending done by the government and investors in the sector. This is seen in the form of investments done for capital growth in the sector, cultural investment and recreational investment. This indicates that tourism is one of the biggest growers of the GDP in any country. The travel and tourism spending that is done for the sector also provides an important way of increasing the advantages of the sector. Another breakdown of the financial advantage of the tourism sector is the contribution to the foreign exchange earnings of a country (Brida, Pereyra and Such, 2007). As already stated, one of the biggest contributor to tourism is the international travel environment, where individuals from outside the country visit the country for business or pleasure. This means that one of the biggest advantages of tourism is the earning of foreign currency, which helps the country in the dev elopment of infrastructure. When this advantage is broken down it can be seen the local residents benefit from the influx of foreign currency into the country, since they will not have to convert their own currency. This means that the country will be able to acquire foreign goods and services at a cheaper price, a factor that contributes to the economy. The provision of foreign exchange also helps the government to pay different bills like foreign debt and acquire foreign goods and services at a cheaper price. The other advantage of tourism is the provision of employment for the residents in the country (VISA, 2009). This advantage can be broken down into many different areas, since tourism ensures that a lot of people are employed in the country. Tourism provides employment for different people in different ways; for example, starting from the transportation attendants who help the tourism sector. As already stated, the tourism sector mainly impacts three main sector of the econom y, the transportation, accommodation and food and beverages sectors. This means that the employment provided by the tourism sector in the country is massive and holds up a major part of the economy. Other tourism commodities that increase the employment figures include travel agencies and recreational areas that tourists mainly frequent.

Why should Donuts be banned Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why should Donuts be banned - Research Paper Example However, their taste is not enough to keep the supporters of the ban quiet. They say that donuts should be banned. They should disappear from the bakeries. They should not be present in bakeries that are located outside the hospitals because patients must be stopped from consuming the unhealthy food. For example, the Capital Health banned donuts in bakeries outside hospitals in Tim Hortons. The idea behind was to enable the staff of the hospital and patients to make healthier choices when it came to their eating habits. In 2009, deep fryers were also banned in the hospitals’ cafeterias for the same reasons. Obese people are also at a chance of catching more obesity if they will continue to eat donuts. Also, since kids are so much attracted to this round delight, they consume a lot of them which fills their stomachs with empty calories not providing them sufficient energy and nutrients. This also makes them obese if they do not consume donuts in balance. So, the whole concept r evolves around promoting a healthier lifestyle where people are at least risk of catching diseases associated with sugary food. On the other hand, the opponents of donut ban also have to say something to save some delight for their taste buds. They say that banning something to eat is of no sense. They state that alcohol is also banned for under-eighteen people but this only increases the fantasy. Banning donuts will also increase the demand for them. According to them, a sensible step is to discourage people from eating them. People should be made familiar with the healthier choices they can make. Patients should be taught the drawbacks of eating donuts so that they stop buying them. Patients always know what they have to eat. If they go for donuts, it is their choice. People opposing the ban say that donuts are not the only sugary substance in the market that needs a ban then. The need is to create awareness rather than making eatables disappear

Fourth Generation (4G) Technology

Fourth Generation (4G) Technology ABSTRACT 4G technology is a transition from the earlier technology i.e. 3G technology and it promises to bring some of the revolutionary changes in the mobile world which will be very favorable for the mobile users. Fasters data and IP packet transmissions and a lot of other applications like high quality voice and multimedia in real-time anywhere across the globe are some incontrovertible features of the 4G mobile phones. This switching of the technologies are promised to be accomplished by the end of this commercial year by a number of mobile carriers like VERIZON and ATT. Thus mobile users will be enjoying the best of the mobile phone technology by the end of the year. 4G technology is supposed to be the best because all the flaws that were experienced in the former ones are tried to eliminate in this one to give the best results to the users. FOURTH GENERATION MOBILE PHONES (4G) INTRODUCTION: Since past some decades cell phone world has experienced a considerable amount of transition. This transition initiated from the First generation (1G) mobile phones carried forward by the 2G and 2.5G mobile phones. Nowadays, people are habituated of using the 3G technology. But the technologies and inventions are ever-restless and therefore the cell phone industry is again hopping with a great speed towards the Fourth generation (4G) technology. 4G mobile phone technology is a complete replacement of wireless communication in 3G technology. Like the transition of 2G technology to 3G technology had increased data-transmission speeds, the transition from  3G  technology to 4G technology promises even higher data rates than existed in previous generations and thus considered to be a successor to 2G and 3G standards. â€Å"4G promises voice, data and high-quality multimedia in real-time (â€Å"streamed†) form all the time and anywhere† (Fendelman, n.d, Para 03). NOMENCLATURE: The fundamental nature of the service is responsible for the typical nomenclature of the cell phone generations. Analogue technology was flipped from first generation to the digital technology in the second generation. Third generation was designed with multimedia support which is now going to flip to the fourth generation where transmission of data and IP packets is faster than the former generations.â€Å"A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based solution where facilities such as IP telephony, ultra-broadband Internet access, gaming services and streamed multimedia may be provided to users† (4G and Beyond 3G Technology, n.d. Para 05). Thus switching to the 4G is like moving from a dial up internet connection to a cable or DSL which can make all the works done fasters and faster than the previous ones. â€Å"4G marks the end of the traditional CDMA/GSM divide† (German, 2010 March 15, Para 04). TYPES: There are 2 main types of 4G one of which is the Long-term evolution LTE and the other one is mobile WI-MAX. LTE: A natural extension of the current 3G technology is the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) which is also referred as the pre-4G technology. Transmission of all data including voice takes place as LTE is architectural design that can send all types of IP packets and data. â€Å"For a 20 MHz channel the downlink transmission bit rate of LTE up to 100 Mbps and 50 Mbps in the uplink and the bit rate capacity increases for a  Multiple-input multiple-output  (MIMO)†( 4G and Beyond 3G Technology,n.d. Para 05). According to German (2010, March 15) some of the well-known mobile carriers in United States like VERIZON and ATT and several across the globe would convert their network to LTE and worlds first publicly available LTE-service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals  Stockholm  and  Oslo  on the 14 December 2009. â€Å"VERIZON said that LTE testing in Seattle and Boston has gone well and that it will bring the technology to 25 to 30 markets this year† (German, 2010 March 15, Para 06).â€Å"According to the VERIZON, downloading speeds of 40Mbps to 50Mbps and upload speeds of 20Mbps to 25Mbps† (German, 2010 March 15, Para 06). However according to Nelson and Pica (2010, March 3) the average speeds will range from 5Mbps to 12Mbps for downloads and 2Mbps to 5Mbps for uploads. â€Å"In contrast ATT has announced that they will begin LTE testing in this commercial year and launch their network in the upcoming year 2011† (German 2010 March 15, Para 07). LTE is not only being planned to launch by the end of this year in United Stats but also the Telco Mobile One (M1) in Singapore conducted a demo of LTE technical trial. Also NTT Do Como will the first to introduce LTE in Japan this year itself. WI-MAX: WI-MAX is elaborated as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, and unlike LTE it is not an extension of current cellular system rather its more related to current Wi-Fi technology. â€Å"The initial version for mobile use is based on the 802.16e wireless standard (Wi-Fi is 802.110)† (German, 2010 March 15, Para 11). It has potential for very long range transmission (up to 30 miles) and could offer speeds of about 10Mbps† (German, 2010 March 15, Para 11). Where all the majority mobile carriers are interested in using the LTE the only US carrier to adopt the Wi-max technology is SPRINT. SPRINT has a Wi-max network in 27 cities and shows potential average speeds of 3Mbps to 6Mbps with maximum speed up to 10Mbps. FEATURES: The 4G standards were thought to be introduced in order to facilitate users by some of the most incredible features that includes providing flexible channel bandwidth between 5MHz to 20MHz to a maximum extent up to 40 MHz. Also a data rate of at least 100Mbps between any two locations across the globe. It also promises to provide a maximum Link spectral efficiency in downlink up to 15bit/s/Hz and 6.75bit/s/Hz in uplink which means 1000Mbps in downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth. Furthermore the system spectral efficiency for downlink of 3bit/s/Hz/cell and for uplink it is 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell. Ultimately 4G has all the flaws recovered that were noticeably found in the former standards. SPECIFICATION: ACCESS TECHNIQUES: 4G exhibited increase in efficiency and ability in terms of the access techniques used for it. Plain TDMA i.e. Time division multiple access and FDMA i.e. Frequency division multiple access were used in he 1G technology. But TDMA is less efficient as it is unable to handle high data rate channels. This is because TDMA requires large guard periods to improve the multipath impact. Similarly there were problems with FDMA as it used more bandwidth to avoid inter-carrier interferences. Thus to overcome these problems in the 2G technology one set along with the combination of TDMA and FDMA other set of access scheme was introduced which is known as the CDMA i.e. Carrier division multiple access. â€Å"Thereby the system capacity was increased but as a drawback placed a soft limit on it rather than the hard limit (i.e. a CDMA network will not reject new clients when it approaches its limits, resulting in a denial of service to all clients when the network overloads)† (Rumney M, 2008) . Data rate is increased as this access technique is able to manage multiple path channel. â€Å" This enabled the third generation systems, such as  IS-2000,  UMTS,  HSXPA,  1xEV-DO,  TD-CDMA  and TD-SCDMA, to use CDMA as the access scheme†(Rumney M, 2008). Although CDMA technique seems to be good so far yet it suffers from poor spectral flexibility and computationally intensive time domain equalization for wideband channels. More importance is given to the OFDMA i.e.Orthogonal FDMA, IFDMA i.e. Interleaved FDMA, SFDMA i.e. Single carrier FDMA and MFDMA i.e.Multicarrier FDMA because of the troubles in the traditional FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. The later used access schemes are based on efficient FFT (Fast fourier transform) algorithm and frequency domain equalization which would result in lower number of multiplications/s. Also bandwidth can be controlled and a spectrum can be formed in a flexible way. IPv6 SUPPORT: Circuit switched and packet switched networks are the base of the infrastructure of the 3G where as 4G will be based on packet switching only which would require low latency data transmission. Till the time when 4G will be introduced in the market and be a most used device the process of IPv4 address will be exhausted as a result a new version will be essential so that more wireless enabled devices can be supported. So IPv6 is be used to accomplish this task. â€Å"By increasing the number of  IP addresses, IPv6 removes the need for  Network Address Translation  (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that are on existing  IPv4  networks† (Morr, D 2009). SOFTWARE-DESIGN RATIO (SDR): â€Å"SDR  is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA)† (Rumney, 2008). The final version out in the market of the 4G device will be a perfect combination of the former standards. â€Å"This can be realized efficiently using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence† (Rumney, 2008). INDISTINGUISHABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS: The 4G iphone which is going to be launched as soon as possible is promised to multitasking which allows accomplishing one of more iphone applications at the same time and also lets to continue the applications running in the background even if the user makes or takes a call. Verizon is launching the 4G phone six months before the expectation because of some of the incontrovertible features of 4G that lures world towards itself. HTC HD3 and HTC HD2 are going to be 4G phones. CONCLUSION: Last but not the least the advancement in technology i.e. transition from the current 3G and 2.5G to 4G will make a drastic change in context of data transmissions which will be able to carried in some fraction of seconds. It will be definitely proved very helpful to the future generations. REFRENCES: Open wireless open mobile. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://4gmobile.com/ Fendelman, A. (n.d.) Retrieved from  http://cellphones.about.com/od/phoneglossary/g/4g.htm). Choney, S. (2008, April 15) Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23902615 4G Phones (n.d.) Retrieved from http://fourgphones.com/ German, K (2010, March 15) Retrieved from http://asia.cnet.com/reviews/mobilephones/0,39050603,62061890,00.htm Att (2010, February 18) Retrieved from http://www.att.com/gen/press-room?pid=4800cdvn=newsnewsarticleid=30536 Pica, T Nelson, J (2010, March 8) Retrieved from http://news.vzw.com/news/2010/03/pr2010-03-02b.html Koh, D (2010, March 3) Retrieved from http://asia.cnet.com/crave/2010/03/03/singapore-may-be-ready-for-lte-as-early-as-q2-2011/ 4G. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G 4G and Beyond 3G Technology (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.3g.co.za/content/view/73/33/